UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


A  STUDY   OF  THE  RATE  AND  ECONOMY  OF 
GAINS  OF  FATTENING  STEERS 

WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 

THE  AMOUNT  AND  THE  CHARACTER  OF  FEED  CONSUMED 


BY  H.  W.  MUMFORD,  H.  S.  GRINDLEY, 
A.  D.  EMMETT,  AND  SLEETER  BULL 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  MARCH,  1917 


CONTENTS  OP  BULLETIN  No.  197 

PAGE 

1.  INTRODUCTION 567 

2.  THE  EXPERIMENT 567 

3.  AMOUNTS  OF  FEEDS  CONSUMED 569 

4.  TOTAL  DRY  SUBSTANCE  CONSUMED 575 

5.  DIGESTIBLE  DRY  SUBSTANCE  CONSUMED 577 

6.  DIGESTIBLE  CRUDE  PROTEIN  CONSUMED 577 

7.  NET  ENERGY  CONSUMED 580 

8.  WEIGHTS  AND  GAINS v 584 

9.  INFLUENCE  OF  AMOUNT  OF  EATION  UPON  THE  ECONOMY  OF  GAINS 589 

10.  INFLUENCE  OF  CHARACTER  OF  FEED  UPON  THE  ECONOMY  OF  GAINS 592 

11.  SUMMARY 600 

12.  CONCLUSIONS  .                                             603 


A  STUDY  OF  THE   RATE  AND  ECONOMY  OF 
GAINS  OF  FATTENING  STEERS 

WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 

THE  AMOUNT  AND  THE  CHARACTER  OF  FEED  CONSUMED 

BY  H.  W.  MUMFORD,  CHIEF  IN  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY 

H.  S.  GRINDLEY,  CHIEF  IN  ANIMAL  NUTRITION 

A.  D.  EMMETT,  ASSISTANT  CHIEF  IN  ANIMAL  NUTRITION 

SLEETER  BULL,  ASSOCIATE  IN  ANIMAL  NUTRITION1 

This  bulletin  is  one  of  a  series  reporting  the  findings  of  an  in- 
vestigation in  regard  to  the  effect  of  variations  in  the  amount  and 
character  of  feed  consumed  upon  the  nutrition  of  two-year-old  steers. 
It  gives  the  results  relating  to  the  effect  upon  the  rate  and  economy  of 
gains:  (1)  of  variations  in  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  ranging 
from  maintenance  to  full  feed  rations;  (2)  of  variations  in  the  pro- 
portions of  roughage  and  concentrates  in  the  ration;  and  (3)  of  the 
substitution  of  a  nitrogenous  concentrate  for  a  part  of  the  grain  of 
a  ration  of  clover  hay  and  ground  corn  in  the  ratio  of  1  to  5. 

THE  EXPERIMENT 

The  Animals. — The  animals  used  were  sixteen  two-year  old  high- 
grade  Hereford  steers  grading  as  choice  feeders  and  weighing  from 
750  to  1,000  pounds.  These  animals  were  selected  from  the  same  herd 
and  were  similar  in  breeding.  From  birth  to  the  time  of  purchase 
they  had  been  treated  very  much  alike.  During  a  period  of  about  two 
months  preliminary  to  the  experiment,  they  were  kept  in  paved  lots 
with  access  to  open  sheds.  During  the  experiment  proper,  which  be- 
gan May  27,  1908,  and  ended  February  10,  1909,  a  period  of  thirty- 
seven  weeks,  eight  of  the  steers  were  kept  in  ordinary  stalls  on  con- 
crete floors,  well  bedded  with  pine  shavings.  The  other  eight  steers 
were  kept  in  digestion  and  metabolism  stalls,  and  the  digestibility  of 
their  rations  was  determined  during  the  thirty-seven  weeks  of  the  ex- 
periment.2 Each  steer  was  weighed  daily  at  2  p.  m. 

Rations  and  Feeds. — During  the  first  month  of  the  period  prelimi- 
nary to  the  experiment  the  ration  consisted  of  corn  silage,  clover  hay, 

lThe  authors  take  pleasure  in  acknowledging  their  great  indebtedness  to  Pro- 
fessors L.  D.  Hall  and  H.  O.  Allison  for  their  generous  and  helpful  cooperation 
and  assistance  in  the  planning  and  conducting  of  this  investigation. 

=111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  172  (1914). 

567 


568  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

and  alfalfa  hay.  At  the  beginning  of  the  second  month  ground  corn 
was  added  to  the  ration,  and  the  feeding  of  alfalfa  was  discontinued. 
Four  days  later  the  feeding  of  corn  silage  was  discontinued.  During 
the  first  twenty-two  weeks  of  the  experiment  proper  the  ration  con- 
sisted of  clover  hay  and  ground  corn,  and  during  the  last  fifteen  weeks, 
of  clover  hay,  ground  corn,  and  linseed  oil  meal.  Half  an  ounce  of 
salt,  given  daily,  was  taken  very  consistently  by  all  of  the  steers. 
Water  also  was  given  twice  daily,  and  an  exact  record  was  kept  of 
the  amounts  drunk. 

The  steers  were  fed  twice  daily,  the  rations  for  each  feeding  be- 
ing weighed  out  a  week  in  advance.  The  refused  feed,  or  "orts,"  was 
collected  every  day  and  the  amount  deducted  in  computing  the  amount 
of  feed  consumed. 

To  determine  the  effect  of  variations  in  the  amount  of  feed  con- 
sumed, the  sixteen  steers  were  divided  into  four  lots  of  four  animals 
each,  and  each  lot  was  given  thruout  the  experiment  an  amount  of 
feed  different  from  that  received  by  the  other  lots.  One  was  given 
just  enoiigh  feed  to  maintain  the  weights  of  the  steers  about  constant; 
another,  as  much  as  the  steers  would  eat  readily ;  another,  an  amount 
of  feed  equal  to  the  maintenance  ration  plus  one-third  of  the  differ- 
ence between  the  maintenance  and  the  full-feed  rations ;  and  another, 
an  amount  equal  to  the  maintenance  ration  plus  two-thirds  of  the 
difference  between  the  maintenance  and  the  full-feed  rations.  In  this 
bulletin  the  first  of  the  above-described  lots  has  been  designated  as  the 
"maintenance"  lot;  the  second,  as  the  "full-feed"  lot;  the  third, 
as  the  "one-third-feed"  lot;  and  the  fourth,  as  the  "two-thirds-feed" 
lot.  Beginning  with  the  31st  week,  two  steers  each  from  the  mainte- 
nance, the  one-third-,  and  the  two-thirds-feed  lots  were  gradually  put 
on  a  full-feed  ration  and  continued  thus  until  the  end  of  the  experi- 
ment. The  lots  were  as  similar  as  possible  in  regard  to  age,  condition, 
and  breeding  of  the  animals.  However,  there  was  some  difference  in 
the  initial  weights  of  the  lots,  as  shown  m  Table  12,  page  586. 

To  determine  the  effect  of  variations  in  the  proportions  of  rough- 
age to  concentrates  in  the  ration  upon  the  rate  and  efficiency  of  gains, 
and  the  effect  of  the  introduction  of  linseed  oil  meal  into  the  ration, 
the  experiment  was  divided  into  five  experimental  periods.  During 
the  first  experimental  period  the  ration  consisted  of  clover  hay  and 
ground  corn  in  equal  amounts;  during  the  second,  of  one  part  of 
clover  hay  and  three  parts  of  ground  corn ;  during  the  third,  of  one 
part  of  clover  hay  and  five  parts  of  ground  corn;  and  during  the 
fourth  and  fifth,  of  one  part  of  clover  hay,  four  parts  of  ground  corn, 
and  one  part  of  linseed  oil  meal.  Thus  the  proportion  of  concentrates 
was  gradually  increased  up  to  the  third  experimental  period,  and  then 
maintained  constant  to  the  end  of  the  experiment.  These  changes  in 
the  ration  made  from  one  experimental  period  to  another  were  effected 


•[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


569 


very  gradually  in  transitional  periods.  The  first  and  third  transi- 
tional periods  were  each  two  weeks  in  length;  and  the  second  and 
fourth,  three  weeks  each  in  length.  Table  1  gives  the  division  of  the 
experiment  into  periods  and  the  proportion  of  roughage  to  concen- 
trates fed  in  each. 

TABLE  1. — DIVISION  OF  EXPERIMENT  INTO  PERIODS,  AND  EATIOS  OF  HAY,  CORN, 
AND  LINSEED  MEAL  IN  EATIONS 


Experimental 
period 

Experimental 
weeks 

Number  of  weeks 
in  period 

Eatio  of  hay  to  corn 
to  linseed  meal 

1 

1-5 

5 

1:1:0 

2 

8-13 

6 

1:3:0 

3 

17-22 

6 

1:5:0 

4 

25-30 

6 

1:4:1 

5 

34-37 

4 

1:4:1 

As  previously  stated,  the  digestibility  of  the  rations  of  two  steers 
of  each  lot  was  determined  continuously  for  the  thirty-seven  weeks  of 
the  experiment.  A  detailed  description,  of  the  equipment,  the  meth- 
ods of  weighing,  sampling,  and  analyzing  the  feeds,  and  the  collection, 
sampling,  and  analyzing  of  the  refused  feed  and  feces  are  given  in 
Bulletin  172  of  this  station. 

AMOUNTS  OF  FEEDS  CONSUMED 

The  amounts  of  feeds  consumed  by  each  steer  per  period  are  given 
in  Table  2.  The  average  amounts  of  feeds  consumed  daily  by  each 
steer  are  given  in  Table  3.  The  average  weights  of  feeds  consumed 
daily  per  lot  are  given  in  Table  4. 

As  previously  noted,  the  refused  feed,  or  orts,  from  the  last  feed- 
ing was  cleaned  out  before  each  feeding  and  weighed.  It  was  assumed 
that  the  feeds  were  present  in  the  orts  in  the  same  proportions  as  in 
the  ration.  Accordingly,  the  amount  of  each  feed  refused  was  cal- 
culated from  these  data.  Altho  this  is  not  strictly  accurate,  yet,  in- 
asmuch as  the  amount  of  orts  was  usually  small,  only  a  slight  error  was 
thus  introduced.  The  amount  of  each  feed  refused,  subtracted  from 
the  amount  of  that  feed  offered,  gave  the  amount  of  each  feed  actually 
consumed. 

Maintenance  Lot. — While  it  was  planned  originally  to  give  the 
maintenance  steers  just  enough  feed  to  keep  their  weights  practically 
constant,  yet  for  various  reasons  this  plan  was  not  strictly  followed 
and  the  animals  of  this  lot  made  considerable  gain  during  Periods  1, 
4,  and  5,  altho  they  were  practically  on  a  maintenance  ration  during 
Periods  2  and  3.  During  the  first  period  of  the  experiment  (weeks 
1-5),  the  ration  consisted  of  5.5  pounds  of  ground  corn  and  the  same 
amount  of  hay  per  day.  The  amount  of  corn  was  increased  gradually 


570  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

while  the  hay  was  decreased  during  the  first  transitional  period  (weeks 
6—7),  so  that  during  the  second  experimental  period  (weeks  8—13)  the 
steers  received  an  average  of  2.2  pounds  of  hay  and  6.6  pounds  of 
corn  per  head  per  day.  During  the  second  transitional  period  (weeks 
14-16)  the  amount  of  hay  was  reduced  still  further  while  the  corn  was 
increased,  so  that  during  the  third  experimental  period  (weeks  17-22) 
the  steers  received  an  average  of  1.4  pounds  of  hay  and  6.8  pounds 
of  corn  per  day  per  head.  During  the  third  transitional  period  (weeks 
23-24)  old-process  linseed  meal  was  gradually  substituted  for  an  equal 
amount  of  corn  in  the  ration.  During  the  fourth  experimental  period 
(weeks  25-30)  the  steers  consumed  1.4  pounds  of  hay,  the  same  amount 
of  linseed  meal,  and  5.4  pounds  of  corn  per  head  daily.  In  the  fourth 
transitional  period  (weeks  31-33)  Steers  653  and  650  were  gradually 
placed  upon  a  full-feed  ration,  so  that  during  the  fifth  test  period 
(weeks  34-37)  they  consumed  2.9  pounds  of  hay,  the  same  amount  of 
linseed  meal,  and  11.7  pounds  of  corn  per  head  daily.  Steers  656 
and  658  which  were  continued  on  maintenance  consumed  1.3  pounds 
of  hay,  the  same  amount  of  linseed  meal,  and  5.3  pounds  of  corn 
during  this  period. 

One-Third-Feed  Lot. — The  steers  of  this  lot  were  started  on  7.9 
pounds  of  ground  corn  per  day  per  head  and  the  same  amount  of  hay. 
During  the  first  transitional  period  the  hay  was  decreased  and  the 
corn  increased,  so  that  during  the  second  experimental  period  they 
consumed  an  average  of  3.7  pounds  of  hay  and  11.2  pounds  of  corn 
per  head  daily.  During  the  second  transitional  period  the  hay  was 
decreased  still  further  and  the  corn  was  increased,  so  that  during  the 
third  period  the  steers  consumed  an  average  of  2.2  pounds  of  hay  and 
11.1  pounds  of  corn  daily.  In  the  third  transitional  period  linseed 
meal  was  substituted  for  some  of  the  corn  in  the  ration,  so  that  dur- 
ing the  fourth  experimental  period  the  steers  consumed  an  average  of 
2.1  pounds  of  hay,  8.5  pounds  of  corn,  and  2.1  pounds  of  linseed  meal 
per  head  daily.  In  the  fourth  transitional  period  the  rations  of  Steers 
667  and  666  were  gradually  increased  to  full  feed,  so  that  during 
Period  5  they  consumed  3.2  pounds  of  hay,  the  same  amount  of  lin- 
seed meal  and  12.7  pounds  of  corn  per  head  daily.  Steers  669  and 
662  consumed  2.2  pounds  of  hay,  the  same  amount  of  linseed  meal, 
and  8.7  pounds  of  corn  in  this  period. 

Two-Thirds-Feed  Lot. — The  steers  of  this  lot  consumed  an  aver- 
age of  10.3  pounds  of  hay  and  the  same  amount  of  corn  per  head  daily 
during  the  first  experimental  period.  During  the  first  transitional 
period  the  hay  was  decreased  and  the  corn  increased,  so  that  during 
the  second  experimental  period  the  steers  consumed  an  average  of  5.3 
pounds  of  hay  and  15.8  pounds  of  corn  per  head  daily.  During  the 
second  transitional  period  the  proportion  of  corn  to  hay  was  increased 
Still  further,  so  .that  during  the  third  .experimental  jp.eriod  .the  s.tejers 


[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  571 

consumed  an  average  of  3.1  pounds  of  hay  and  15.5  pounds  of  corn 
per  head  daily.  As  was  the  case  in  the  other  lots,  some  of  the  corn 
was  replaced  by  linseed  meal  during  the  third  transitional  period,  so 
that  during  the  fourth  experimental  period  the  steers  consumed  an 
average  of  2.9  pounds  of  hay,  11.5  pounds  of  corn,  and  2.9  pounds  of 
linseed  meal  per  head  daily.  During  the  fourth  transitional  period 
Steers  668  and  652  were  gradually  placed  upon  a  full-feed  ration,  so 
that  during  Period  5,  Steer  668  consumed  3.5  pounds  of  hay,  13.9 
pounds  of  corn,  and  3.5  pounds  of  linseed  meal.  Steer  652  went  off 
feed  and  was  removed  at  the  end  of  the  34th  week.  Steers  665  and 
657  in  this  period  consumed  3.0  pounds  of  hay,  12.1  pounds  of  corn, 
and  3.0  pounds  of  linseed  meal. 

Full-Feed  Lot. — During  the  first  experimental  period  the  steers 
of  the  full-feed  lot  consumed  an  average  of  12.1  pounds  of  hay  and 
the  same  amount  of  corn  per  head  daily.  As  in  the  other  lots,  their 
hay  was  decreased  and  their  corn  was  increased  during  the  first  transi- 
tional period,  so  that  during  the  second  experimental  period  they  con- 
sumed an  average  of  6.4  pounds  of  hay  and  19.4  pounds  of  corn  per 
head  daily.  During  the  second  transitional  period  the  proportion  of 
hay  in  the  ration  was  decreased,  so  that  during  the  third  experimental 
period  the  steers  consumed  an  average  of  3.5  pounds  of  hay  and  17.6 
pounds  of  corn  per  head  daily.  It  will  be  noted  that  not  only  less 
roughage  but  also  less  grain  was  consumed  in  Period  3  than  in  Period 
2.  We  are  unable  to  explain  why  the  steers  did  not  eat  more  at  this 
time,  as  they  were  given  all  the  feed  they  would  consume.  The  effect 
of  this  apparent  slump  in  the  appetites  of  the  full-feed  steers  was 
transmitted  to  the  one-third-  and  two-thirds-feed  lots,  as  their  rations 
were  based  upon  the  feed  consumption  of  the  maintenance  and  full- 
feed  steers  as  already  explained.  During  the  third  transitional  period 
linseed  meal  was  introduced  into  the  ration  and  the  amount  of  corn 
was  decreased,  so  that  during  the  fourth  experimental  period  the  steers 
consumed  an  average  of  3.5  pounds  of  hay,  14.2  pounds  of  corn,  and 
3.5  pounds  of  linseed  meal  per  head  daily.  Steers  663  and  659  went 
off  feed  so  badly  that  Steer  663  was  removed  at  the  end  of  the  30th 
week  and  Steer  659  at  the  end  of  the  33d  week. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  amounts  and  proportions  of  the  feeds 
offered  the  full-feed  lot  were  not  far  different  from  what  would  have 
been  offered  them  in  a  practical  feeding  operation  conducted  under 
the  same  conditions,  altho  in  most  instances  the  consumption  of  con- 
centrates in  the  latter  part  of  the  fattening  period  would  have  been 
greater  in  practical  feeding  operations. 


572 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[March, 


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[March, 


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[1917  ECONOMY  OP  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  575 

TOTAL  DRY  SUBSTANCE  CONSUMED 

Inasmuch  as  all  the  feeds  were  analyzed  chemically  every  week, 
data  are  available  from  which  the  consumption  of  total  dry  substance 
may  be  calculated.  These  results,  calculated  on  the  basis  of  1000 
pounds  live  weight,  are  given  in  Table  5.  An  inspection  of  this  table 
shows  that  altho  there  was  considerable  variation  in  the  consumption 
of  dry  substance  by  the  steers  of  the  same  lot,  yet  the  differences  be- 
tween lots  were  much  greater  than  the  individual  differences  within 
the  lots. 

It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  consumption  of  dry  substance  with 
the  amounts  prescribed  by  the  Wolff -Lehmann  feeding  standard1  for 
maintenance  and  fattening  of  cattle.  For  maintenance,  these  feeding 
standards  call  for  18  pounds  of  dry  substance  per  1000  pounds  live 
weight  daily.  The  average  consumption  of  dry  substance  by  the  four 
maintenance  steers  of  this  experiment  varied  from  8.0  pounds  to  11.3 
pounds,  or  approximately  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  the  amount 
prescribed  by  the  standard.  During  Periods  2  and  3,  when  the  steers 
were  practically  on  maintenance,  the  consumption  of  dry  substance 
was  8  to  9  pounds. 

The  Wolff -Lehmann  feeding  standard  recommends  from  26  to  30 
pounds  of  dry  substance  for  a  1000-pound  fattening  steer.  The  steers 
of  the  full-feed  lot  consumed  on  the  average  from  13.4  to  22.1  pounds 
of  dry  substance,  or  approximately  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  the 
amounts  prescribed  in  the  standards.  From  this  it  seems  safe  to  con- 
clude that  the  Wolff -Lehmann  standards  for  dry  substance  are  un- 
necessarily high  in  the  cases  of  maintenance  and  fattening  cattle.  Of 
course,  if  large  amounts  of  less  digestible  feeds,  such  as  the  roughages, 
are  used  they  are  more  nearly  correct,  but  even  then  they  remain  too 
high. 

Henry  and  Morrison2  have  recently  published  modifications  of 
the  Wolff-Lehmann  standards  for  maintenance  of  cattle  and  for  fat- 
tening of  two-year-old  steers.  They  recommend  13  to  21  pounds  of 
dry  substance  for  maintenance,  as  compared  with  the  amounts  used 
in  this  experiment,  8.0  to  11.3  pounds.  For  fattening  two-year-old 
steers  on  full  feed  they  recommend  the  following  amounts  of  dry 
substance : 

First  50  -  60   days 22.0  -  25.0  Ibs. 

Second  50-60  days 21.0-24.0  Ibs. 

Third  50  -  60  days 18.0  -  22.0  Ibs. 

Comparing  these  values  with  those  given  in  Table  5,  it  is  seen  that 
the  steers  in  this  experiment  made  good  gains  on  considerably  less  dry 
substance  than  prescribed  by  the  Henry-Morrison  standards. 

JHenry  and  Morrison:    Feeds  and  Feeding,  15th  ed.,   (1915),  page  667;   or 
Bull:    Principles  of  Feeding  Farm  Animals,  (1916),  page  355. 
"Feeds  and  Feeding,  15th  ed.,  (1915),  page  671? 


576 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[Marcft, 


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[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  577 

From  our  results  it  seems  safe  to  conclude  that  steers  may  be 
maintained  or  fattened  with  the  ordinary  rations  of  the  corn-belt  on 
a  smaller  allowance  of  dry  substance  than  the  amounts  prescribed  by. 
the  generally  accepted  feeding  standards. 

DIGESTIBLE  DRY  SUBSTANCE  CONSUMED 

As  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  rations  of  two  steers  of 
each  lot  were  determined  for  each  period  of  the  experiment,  data  are 
provided  whereby  one  may  calculate  the  consumption  of  digestible 
nutrients  of  each  lot  with  a  considerable  degree  of  accuracy.  The 
results  given  in  Table  6  have  been  calculated  on  the  assumption  that 
the  steers  not  in  the  digestion  stalls  digested  their  rations  as  com- 
pletely as  their  lot  mates  in  the  digestion  stalls. 

The  relation  of  the  different  lots  with  respect  to  the  amounts  of 
total  dry  substance  and  the  amounts  of  digestible  dry  substance  con- 
sumed is  not  the  same,  because  of  the  fact  that  when  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  ration  consisted  of  roughage,  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  the  dry  substance  varied  inversely  with  the  amount  of  feed  con- 
sumed.1 

DIGESTIBLE  CRUDE  PROTEIN  CONSUMED 

The  amounts  of  digestible  crude  protein  consumed  daily  per  1000 
pounds  live  weight  are  shown  in  Table  7.  In  the  case  of  the  mainte- 
nance lot,  the  amount  of  digestible  protein  in  the  ration  varied  from 
0.39  pound  in  Period  3  to  0.81  pound  in  Period  4.  It  should  be  noted 
particularly  that  in  Periods  2  and  3,  when  these  steers  were  actually 
on  a  maintenance  ration  (as  indicated  by  the  live  weight),  the  aver- 
age consumption  of  digestible  protein  was  0.44  and  0.39  pound,  re- 
spectively. It  is  also  of  interest  to  note  that  Steers  650  and  656,  which 
were  in  the  metabolism  test,  maintained  positive  weekly  nitrogen  bal- 
ances. As  a  matter  of  fact,  in  Period  2,  Steer  650  retained  25.1  per- 
cent, and  Steer  656  retained  25.0  percent  of  the  nitrogen  digested.  In 
Period  3,  Steer  650  retained  25.7  percent,  and  Steer  656  retained  28.5 
percent  of  the  nitrogen  digested.  Such  a  retention  indicates  that  less 
digestible  protein  would  have  been  sufficient  for  maintenance.  In 
Period  1,  when  Steers  650  and  656  were  consuming  0.56  and  0.65 
pound  of  digestible  protein,  respectively,  they  retained  34.8  percent 
and  36.6  percent,  respectively,  of  the  nitrogen  digested.  Steer  650 
made  an  average  daily  gain  of  1.6  pounds  during  this  period,  and 
Steer  656  made  an  average  daily  gain  of  2.0  pounds. 

Armsby,2  after  reviewing  the  available  data  upon  the  protein  re- 
quirements for  maintenance,  states:  "It  seems  safe  to  estimate  0.6 

'111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  172  (1914). 

MJ.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.  Bur.  of  Anim.  Indus.  Bui.  143  (1912),  page  94. 


578 


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ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


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580 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[Ma  reft, 


pound  of  crude  protein  or  0.5  pound  of  true  protein  per  1000  pounds 
live  weight  as  representing  in  a  general  way  the  minimum  protein 
requirement  of  mature  cattle  with  a  probable  range  of  0.1  or  0.2  pound 
either  way  under  varying  conditions. ' '  The  fact  that  Steers  650  and 
656  of  this  experiment  when  consuming  rations  containing  from  0.40 
and  0.65  pound  of  digestible  protein  stored  from  25  to  37  percent  of 
the  digested  nitrogen  for  a  period  of  twenty-two  weeks  proves  that 
under  the  conditions  of  this  experiment  cattle  may  be  maintained  on 
considerably  less  protein  than  the  generally  accepted  standards. 

In  the  case  of  the  one-third-feed  lot  the  protein  consumption  va- 
ried from  0.54  pound  in  Period  3  to  0.99  pound  in  Period  4.  The 
two-thirds-feed  lot  received  from  0.65  pound  in  Period  3  to  1.18  pounds 
in  Period  4,  while  the  full-feed  lot  received  from  0.72  pound  in  Period 
3  to  1.41  pounds  in  Period  4.  It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  protein 
consumption  of  the  steers  in  this  experiment  with  the  amount  of  pro- 
tein prescribed  by  the  "Wolff-Lehmann  and  the  Henry-Morrison  feed- 
ing standards.  Such  a  comparison  is  shown  in  Table  8. 

TABLE  8. — COMPARISON  OP  PROTEIN  CONSUMPTION  WITH  THE  WOLFF-LEHMANN 
AND  HENRY-MORRISON  STANDARDS* 


Period 

One-third- 
feed  lot 

Two-  thirds- 
feed  lot 

Full-feed 
lot 

Wolff-Leh- 
mann 

Henry- 
Morrison 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

0.79 
0.69 
0.54 
0.99 
0.952 

0.90 
0.85 
0.65 
1.18 
1.13' 

1.03 
0.89 
0.72 
1.41 
1.34 

2.5 
3.0 

2.7 

2.0-2.3 
1.9-2.3 
1.8-2.1 

1While  the  periods  of  this  experiment  do  not  correspond  exactly  with  the 
periods  given  in  these  standards,  yet  the  results  are  comparable  in  a  general  way. 
^Average  of  Steers  669  and  662. 
•Average  of  Steers  665  and  667. 

When  one  considers  that  the  steers  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  made 
an  average  daily  gain  of  1.8  pounds  and  the  steers  of  the  full-feed  lot 
made  an  average  daily  gain  of  2.1  pounds  for  a  period  of  thirty-seven 
weeks,  it  seems  safe  to  conclude  that  the  above-mentioned  standards 
for  the  protein  requirements  of  fattening  steers  are  unnecessarily  high. 


NET  ENERGY  CONSUMED 

Knowing  the  amounts  of  digestible  protein,  carbohydrates,  and 
fats  consumed,  it  was  possible  to  calculate  the  consumption  of  net  en- 
ergy with  at  least  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy,  using  the  method  of 
Kellner1  and  Armsby.2  For  the  sake  of  comparison,  these  results 

*The  Scientific  Feeding  of  Animals  (1911),  page  82. 
*Pa.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  71   (1905),  page  14. 


[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  581 

were  calculated  to  the  amounts  consumed  daily  per  1000  pounds  live 
weight.  Some  difficulty  was  encountered  in  making  these  calculations. 
It  is  generally  accepted  that  the  energy  requirement  for  maintenance 
varies,  not  directly  with  the  weight  of  the  animal,  but  with  the  sur- 
face or  approximately  with  the  two-thirds  power  of  the  live  weight 
of  the  body.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  it  has  not  been  shown  that 
the  energy  requirement  above  maintenance  varies  with  the  surface  of 
the  body.  'Consequently,  the  results  have  been  calculated  in  two  ways : 
Table  9  shows  the  results  calculated  upon  the  assumption  that  the 
energy  requirements  varied  according  to  the  surface  of  the  body ;  and 
Table  10  shows  the  results  calculated  upon  the  assumption  that  the 
energy  requirements  vary  directly  with  the  body  weight.  Inasmuch 
as  at  least  half  of  the  energy  was  used  for  maintenance,  even  in  the 
full-feed  lot,  we  feel  that  Table  9  is  a  better  basis  for  a  discussion  of 
the  energy  consumption  than  Table  10. 

It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  energy  required  by  these  steers 
for  maintenance  with  the  findings  of  other  investigators.  Armsby1 
has  summarized  the  investigations  upon  the  energy  requirements  for 
the  maintenance  of  cattle.  To  his  summary  we  have  added  the  recent 
results  of  Trowbridge,  Moulton,  and  Haigh.2  The  summarized  results 
are  shown  in  Table  11.  Comparing  these  results  with  the  energy  con- 
sumption of  the  four  steers  of  the  maintenance  lot  when  they  were 
actually  on  a  maintenance  ration  (as  indicated  by  the  live  weights), 
in  Periods  2  and  3,  it  is  seen  that  there  is  but  little  difference  between 
the  average  requirements  for  the  maintenance  of  thin  cattle  as  re- 
ported by  other  investigators  and  the  average  requirement  of  these 
maintenance  steers  in  Periods  2  and  3.  In  the  former  case  the  average 
requirement  is  6.46  therms,  while  in  the  latter  it  is  6.62  therms,  with 
individual  variations  ranging  from  6.14  to  7.00  therms.  It  is  of  in- 
terest to  note  that  in  Period  4  the  energy  consumption  of  the  mainte- 
nance steers  was  reduced  to  6.41  therms,  yet  during  this  period  they 
made  an  average  daily  gain  of  0.85  pound. 

A  study  of  the  energy  consumption  of  the  steers  in  the  other  lots 
does  not  reveal  anything  of  especial  interest. 

MJ.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.  Bur.  of  Anim.  Indus.  Bui.  143  (1912),  page  39. 
»Mo.  Exp.  Sta.  Ees.  Bui.  18  (1915). 


582 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


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[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOB  FATTENING  STEERS 


583 


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584 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[March, 


TABLE  11. — SUMMARY  OF  INVESTIGATIONS  UPON  THE  ENERGY  REQUIREMENTS  OF 

CATTLE 
(Results  expressed  in  therms  of  net  energy  per  1000  pounds  live  weight) 


Condition 

No. 
of 

No.  of 

N 

et  enei 

gy 

Investigator 

of  animals 

ani- 
mals 

trials 

Maxi- 
mum 

Mini- 
mum 

Aver- 
age 

Remarks 

Arms  by  and  fries 
Kellner  

Thin 

}) 

3 

7 

7 
7 

7.06 
7.32 

4.86 
5.31 

6.11 
6.20 

Respiration  experiment 
Respiration  experiment 

Armsby  

n 

3 

10 

7.60 

6.62 

7.02 

Respiration  experiment  ; 

Armsby  

» 

3 

3 

6.26 

4.88 

5.62 

fed  roughage 
Respiration  experiment; 

Haecker  

)> 

8 

5 

6.45 

5.30 

5.71 

fed  much  grain 
Live-weight  experiment 

Eward  

» 

3 

3 

7.85 

6.45 

7.18 

Live-weight  experiment 

Evvard  

» 

1 

1 

8.09 

Live-weight  experiment 

Trowbridge  et  al. 
Trowbridge  et  al. 
Trowbridge  et  al. 
Kellner  

>  > 

Good 
Fat 
Fat 

10 
7 
4 

8 

13 
9 
5 
3 

7.84 
8.68 
6.73 
9.58 

5.31 
6.28 
6.05 
7.75 

6.55 
7.42 
6.39 
8.59 

Live-weight  experiment 
Live-weight  experiment 
Live-weight  experiment 
Respiration  experiment 

Evvard  

Partly  fat 

3 

3 

10.62 

8.15 

9.07 

Live-weight  experiment 

Average  

Thin 

33 

49 

6.46 

Weighted 

Average  

Good  and  fat 

17 

20 

7.59 

Weighted 

Average  

All 

50 

69 

.... 

... 

6.78 

Weighted 

WEIGHTS  AND  GAINS 

The  steers  of  each  lot  were  weighed  individually  at  2  p.  m.  every 
day  of  the  experiment.  The  weights  of  the  steers  at  the  beginning  of 
each  period  and  at  the  end  of  the  experiment  are  given  in  Table  12. 
The  initial  weights  of  Period  1  and  the  final  weights  of  Period  4  are 
the  averages  of  the  first  seven  days  and  the  last  seven  days,  respect- 
ively, of  the  experiment.  The  other  weights  are  the  averages  of  five 
daily  weights — the  last  two  days  of  the  preceding  transitional  period 
and  the  first  three  days  of  the  test  period  under  consideration. 

The  initial  weights  of  the  steers  were  quite  variable,  ranging  from 
762  pounds  for  Steer  653  of  the  maintenance  lot  to  1010  pounds  for 
Steer  657  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot.  There  was  also  considerable  varia- 
tion between  the  averages  of  the  different  lots  themselves,  the  main- 
tenance lot  weighing  814  pounds ;  the  one-third-feed  lot,  873  pounds ; 
the  two-thirds-feed  lot,  897  pounds ;  and  the  full-feed  lot,  926  pounds. 
These  variations  in  weight  may  have  had  some  influence  upon  the  re- 
sults of  the  experiment. 

The  individual  gains,  the  average  gains  per  lot,  and  the  total 
gains  per  lot,  for  each  period  and  for  the  entire  experiment  are  pre- 
sented in  Table  13.  The  average  daily  gains  are  shown  in  Table  14. 

Altho  it  was  the  original  intention  to  keep  the  weight  of  the  main- 
tenance lot  practically  constant,  yet  considerable  gain  was  made  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  experiment.  However,  these  steers 


[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  585 

were  practically  on  a  maintenance  ration  during  Periods  2  and  3. 
Beginning  with  the  31st  week,  Steers  653  and  650  of  the  maintenance 
lot,  Steers  667  and  666  of  the  one-third-feed  lot,  and  Steers  668  and 
652  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  were  gradually  put  on  a  full-feed  ration. 
Consequently,  their  gains  for  the  last  period  of  the  experiment  were 
as  a  rule  much  greater  than  those  of  their  respective  lot  mates. 

Disregarding  the  maintenance  lot  for  obvious  reasons,  it  is  seen 
that  the  rate  of  gain  with  the  exception  of  Steer  667  decreased  regu- 
larly from  Period  1  to  Period  4,  when  linseed  meal  was  introduced 
into  the  ration.  After  the  introduction  of  the  linseed  meal,  the  gains 
increased  considerably  but  again  decreased  in  Period  5.  In  this  re- 
spect the  steers  behaved  in  accordance  with  the  prevalent  idea  of 
practical  feeders  regarding  the  addition  of  a  nitrogenous  concentrate 
near  the  end  of  the  fattening  period. 

As  might  naturally  be  expected,  the  steers  on  the  larger  rations 
made  greater  gains  than  those  on  the  small  rations,  the  average  daily 
gains  for  the  various  lots  being  as  follows:  maintenance  lot,  0.70 
pound;  one-third-feed  lot,  1.32  pounds;  two-thirds-feed  lot,  1.79 
pounds;  and  full-feed  lot,  2.13  pounds.  It  should  be  remembered, 
however,  that  Steers  653,  650,  667,  666,  668,  and  652  were  on  full  feed 
in  Period  5.  A  study  of  the  data  also  shows  that  the  individual  daily 
gains  of  the  steers  of  each  lot  for  the  entire  experiment  were  quite 
uniform  except  in  the  case  of  the  maintenance  lot,  in  which  two  steers 
received  considerably  more  feed  than  the  others,  as  explained  else- 
where. The  data  also  show  that  the  gains  in  each  period  were  de- 
pendent upon  the  amount  of  feed  consumed,  altho  in  a  few  cases  the 
individual  gains  of  one  lot  overlap  those  of  another  lot. 

Considering  the  length  of  the  feeding  period  and  the  amounts  of 
feeds  consumed,  the  full-feed  lot  made  especially  good  gains  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  two  of  the  steers  were  in  the  digestion  stalls  contin- 
uously during  the  experiment.  Also,  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  made 
fairly  good  gains  for  a  feeding  period  of  this  length,  259  days.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  these  steers  made  as  good  gains  as  the  full-feed  steers 
in  Periods  1  and  3.  The  gains  of  the  one-third-feed  lot,  of  course, 
were  smaller  than  one  would  expect  in  practical  fattening. 

The  question  naturally  arises  as  to  what  effect  the  digestion  and 
metabolism  experiment  had  upon  the  gains  of  the  steers  confined  in 
the  metabolism  stalls.  Steers  650  and  656  of  the  maintenance  lot, 
Steers  666  and  669  of  the  one-third-feed  lot,  Steers  652  and  665  of 
the  two-thirds-feed  lot,  and  Steers  663  and  661  of  the  full-feed  lot 
were  in  the  metabolism  and  digestion  experiment  continuously.  Their 
gains  were  practically  as  good  as  those  of  their  lot  mates  confined  in 
ordinary  stalls.  Consequently,  it  seems  safe  to  conclude  that  the 
metabolism  and  digestion  steers  were  under  normal  conditions  and 
were  at  most  only  slightly  affected  by  that  phase  of  the  experiment. 


586 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


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[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


587 


TABLE  13. — TOTAL  GAIN  BY  EACH  STEER  PER  PERIOD 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Ratio  of  hay 

Maintenance  Lot 

Period 

Weeks 

to  corn  to 
linseed  meal 

Steer 
653 

Steer 
650 

Steer 
656 

Steer 
658 

Average 

Total 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

69 

55 

69 

12 

51.2 

205 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

2 

-5 

3 

0 

0.0 

0 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

-5 

2 

4 

6 

1.7 

7 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

40 

35 

31 

38 

36.0 

144 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

81 

115 

22 

4 

13.04 

2ft* 

Total 

1-37 

229 

273 

125 

95 

180.55 

722s 

One-Third-Feed  Lot 


Steer 
667 

Steer 
666 

Steer 
669 

Steer 
662 

Average 

Total! 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

59 

88 

69 

75 

72.7 

291 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

81 

56 

55 

83 

68.7 

275' 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

59 

23 

54 

53 

47.2 

189' 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

91 

57 

63 

66 

69.2 

277 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

25 

59 

25 

-5 

10.04 

20* 

Total 

1-37 

359 

348 

319 

337 

340.75 

1363s 

Two-Thirds-Feed  Lot 


Steer 
668 

Steer 
652« 

Steer 
665 

Steer 
657 

Average 

Total 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

88 

106 

118 

90 

100.5 

402 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

72 

94 

66 

77 

77.2 

309 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

69 

63 

43 

73 

62.0 

248 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

129 

73 

79 

79 

90.0 

360 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

52 

11 

39 

45 

42.04 

84* 

Total 

1-37 

467 

417 

462 

469 

453.7s 

1815s 

Full-Feed  Lot 


Steer 
6591 

Steer 
6633 

Steer 
661 

Steer 
664 

Average 

Total 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

106 

119 

89 

103 

104.2 

417 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

110 

90 

82 

101 

95.7 

383 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

69 

89 

38 

56 

63.0 

252 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

120 

76 

109 

107 

103.0 

412 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 



56 

53 

54.5 

109 

Total 

1-37 

528 

447 

514 

543 

508.0 

2032 

'Removed  at  end  of  33d  week. 
2R€moved  at  end  of  30th  week. 
'Removed  at  end  of  34th  week. 

4Two  steers  only,  as  Steers  653,  650,  667,  666,  668,  and  652  were  on  full  feed 
in  Period  5. 

5Steers  653,  650,  667,  666,  668,  and  652  were  on  full  feed  in  Period  5, 


588 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[March, 


TABLE  14. — AVERAGE  DAILY  GAIN  BY  EACH  STEER  PER  PERIOD 
(Besults  expressed  in  pounds) 


Ratio  of  hay 

Maintenance  Lot 

Period 

Weeks 

to  corn  to 
linseed  meal 

Steer 
653 

Steer 
650 

Steer 
656 

Steer 
658 

Average 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

1.97 

1.57 

1.97 

0.34 

1.46 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

0.05 

-0.12 

0.07 

0.00 

0.00 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

-0.12 

0.05 

0.10 

0.14 

0.04 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

0.95 

0.83 

0.74 

0.90 

0.85 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

2.89 

4.11 

0.78 

0.14 

0.46* 

Total 

1-37 

0.88 

1.05 

0.48 

0.37 

0.705 

One-Third-Feed  Lot 


Steer 
667 

Steer 
666 

Steer 
669 

Steer 
662 

Average 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0              1.69 

2.51 

1.97 

2.14 

2.08 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0               1.93 

1.33 

1.31 

1.98 

1.64 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

1.40 

0.55 

1.29 

1.26 

1.12 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

2.17 

1.36 

1.50 

1.57 

1.65 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

0.89 

2.11 

0.89 

-0.18 

0.374 

Total 

1-37 

1.39 

134 

1.23 

130 

1325 

Two-Thirds-Feed  Lot 

Steer 
668 

Steer 
652» 

Steer 
665 

Steer 
657 

Average 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

2.51 

3.03 

3.37 

2.57 

2.87 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

1.71 

2.24 

1.57 

1.83 

1.84 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0              1.64 

1.50      • 

1.02 

1.74 

1.48 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

3.07 

1.74 

1.88 

1.88 

2.14 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

1.86 

1.57 

1.39 

1.61 

1.504 

Total 

1-37 

1.80 

.1.75 

1.78 

1.81 

1.79s 

Full-Feed  Lot 


Steer 
6591 

Steer 
663* 

Steer 
661 

Steer 
664 

Average 

1 

1-5 

1:1:0 

3.03 

3.40 

2.54 

2.94 

2.98 

2 

8-13 

1:3:0 

2.62 

2.14 

1.95 

2.40 

2.28 

3 

17-22 

1:5:0 

1.64 

2.12 

0.90 

1.33 

1.50 

4 

25-30 

1:4:1 

2.86 

1.81 

2.60 

2.55 

2.45 

5 

34-37 

1:4:1 

... 

... 

2.00 

1.89 

1.95 

Total 

1-37 

2.29 

2.13 

1.98 

2.10 

2.13 

Removed  at  end  of  33d  week. 
'Removed  at  end  of  30th  week. 
'Removed  at  end  of  34th  week. 

4Average  of  two  steers  as  Steers  653,  650,  667,  666,  668,  and  652  were  on  full 
feed  in  Period  5. 

"Steers  653,  650.  667,  666,  668,  and  652  were  on  full  feed  in  Period  5, 


[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  589 

INFLUENCE  OF  AMOUNT  OF  RATION  UPON  THE  ECONOMY 

OF  GAINS 

The  practical  cattle  feeder  assumes  that  the  larger  the  amount  of 
feed  that  fattening  cattle  consume,  the  more  economical  will  be  the 
gains.  This  assumption  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  a  certain  amount 
of  feed  is  required  for  maintenance  under  any  condition.  Conse- 
quently, the  larger  the  proportion  of  feed  above  maintenance,  the  more 
there  is  above  the  maintenance  requirement  available  for  production, 
and  for  this  reason  the  ration  is  assumed  to  be  more  economical. 

On  the  other  hand,  experiments  at  the  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  other 
stations  show  that  large  rations  are  not  as  completely  digested  as 
smaller  ones,  especially  when  there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  crude 
fiber  in  the  ration.  Consequently,  if  one  considers  only  the  digesti- 
bility of  the  ration,  one  would  expect  the  economy  to  be  lessened  as 
the  ration  is  increased.  Thus  in  studying  the  influence  of  the  amount 
of  ration  upon  economy,  both  of  these  factors,  working  in  opposite 
directions,  must  be  considered. 

In  studying  the  economy  of  gains,  there  are  several  measures  by 
which  we  may  determine  it.  The  practical  feeder  usually  measures 
the  economy  of  gains  by  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  per  pound  of 
gain.  This  is  not  strictly  accurate,  owing  to  variations  in  the  chem- 
ical composition  of  the  feeds,  especially  in  the  water  content.  Fur- 
thermore, when  several  feeds  are  used,  as  in  this  experiment,  such  a 
large  amount  of  data  is  presented  as  to  be  confusing.  The  expression 
of  the  economy  of  the  gains  in  terms  of  the  consumption  of  dry  sub- 
stance per  pound  of  gain  obviates  both  of  the  previous  objections,  but 
this  alone  is  not  entirely  satisfactory,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  dry 
substance  from  some  feeds  is  more  digestible  than  that  from  others. 
To  dispose  of  this  difficulty  the  economy  of  the  gains  may  be  expressed 
also  in  terms  of  digestible  dry  substance  consumed  per  pound  of  gain. 
However,  this  is  not  altogether  satisfactory,  as  the  animal  does  not 
necessarily  utilize  the  energy  of  feeds  in  direct  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  digestible  nutrients  in  the  feeds.  The  use  of  the  net  energy 
consumed  per  pound  of  gain  disposes  of  this  objection.  Theoretically, 
at  least,  the  net  energy  consumed  per  pound  of  gain  is  the  most  accu- 
rate measure  of  the  economy  of  gains.  However,  the  inaccuracies 
involved  in  the  calculation  of  the  net  energy  detract  from  its  practical 
value.  For  the  purpose  of  this  investigation,  the  amounts  of  feed,  of 
total  dry  substance,  of  digestible  dry  substance,  and  of  net  energy 
consumed  per  pound  of  gain  have  been  used  as  measures  of  the  econ- 
omy of  the  gains. 

The  amounts  of  feeds  consumed  per  pound  of  gain  by  the  in- 
dividual steers  are  shown  in  Table  15.  The  amounts  of  feed  consumed 
per  pound  of  gain  by  the  different  lots  are  shown  in  Table  16.  Dis- 


590 


BULLETIN  No.  197 


[March, 


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[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOB  FATTENING  STEERS 


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592  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

cussion  of  these  tables  is  omitted,  since  the  discussion  pertaining  to 
the  consumption  of  dry  substance  per  pound  of  gain  also  applies  to 
them. 

Dry  Substance,  Digestible  Dry  Substance,  and  Net  Energy  Con- 
sumed per  Pound  of  Gain. — The  total  dry  substance,  the  digestible 
dry  substance,  and  the  net  energy  consumed  per  pound  of  gain  are 
shown  in  Tables  17,  18,  and  19,  respectively.  Considering  the  data 
for  the  one-third-feed  lot,  the  two-thirds-feed  lot,  and  the  full-feed 
lot  during  the  different  periods  of  the  experiment,  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  one  lot  was  any  more  efficient  than  another.  Taking  the 
entire  thirty-seven  weeks  of  the  experiment  into  consideration,  there 
seems  to  be  no  reason  to  conclude  that  the  amount  of  feed  consumed 
had  any  effect  upon  the  economy  of  gains,  as  indicated  by  the  amount 
of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and  net  energy  consumed 
per  pound  of  gain. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Steers  653  and  650  of  the  maintenance 
lot  made  much  more  efficient  gains  in  Period  5  when  put  upon  full 
feed  than  the  steers  which  had  been  receiving  full-feed  rations  previous 
to  Period  5.  On  the  other  hand,  Steers  667  and  666  of  the  one-third- 
feed  lot,  and  Steers  668  and  652  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  made  no 
more  economical  gains  when  put  upon  a  full-feed  ration  than  the 
steers  of  the  full-feed  lot. 

INFLUENCE  OF  CHARACTER  OF  FEED  UPON  THE 
ECONOMY  OF  GAINS 

The  fact  that  the  steers  were  fed  different  proportions  of  corn 
and  hay  during  the  first  three  periods  of  the  experiment  and  the  fact 
that  in  Period  4  linseed  meal  was  substituted  for  a  part  of  the  corn 
in  the  ration,  provide  data  for  studying  the  influence  of  a  decrease  in 
roughage  together  with  an  increase  in  concentrates  upon. the  economy 
of  gains,  and  also  the  effect  of  adding  linseed  meal  to  a  ration  high 
in  concentrates  and  low  in  roughages.  In  this  connection,  however,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  other  factors  such  as  the  age  and  more  es- 
pecially the  condition  of  the  animals  may  have  had  considerable  effect 
upon  the  economy  of  gains  in  different  periods. 

Influence  of  Change  from  Hay  1  Part  and  Corn  1  Part,  to  Hay  1 
Part  and  Corn  3  Parts. — In  Period  1  the  ration  consisted  of  equal 
parts  of  clover  hay  and  ground  corn.  In  the  transitional  period  after 
Period  1,  the  hay  was  decreased  and  the  corn  increased,  so  that  in 
Period  2  the  ration  consisted  of  one  part  of  hay  and  three  parts  of 
corn.  From  Table  5,  page  576,  it  is  seen  that  the  total  dry  substance 
consumed  daily  was  slightly  reduced  in  Period  2,  while  the  consump- 
tion of  digestible  dry  substance  was  practically  the  same  as  shown  in 
Table  6.  Table  7  shows  that  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of 
digestible  crude  protein  consumed  in  Period  2,  while  Table  10  shows 


[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


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ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


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5%  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

a  slight  increase  in  the  consumption  in  net  energy.  Thus  these  fig- 
ures reveal  but  little  difference  in  the  nutrients  consumed  in  Periods 
1  and  2  except  that  there  was  less  protein  consumed  in  Period  2  than 
in  Period  1. 

As  shown  in  Table  14,  page  588,  the  gains  made  in  Period  2 
were  much  lower  than  those  made  in  Period  1.  Especially  was  this 
true  in  case  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot,  which  dropped  from  an  average 
gain  of  2.87  pounds  to  1.84  pounds.  The  full-feed  lot  decreased  from 
2.98  pounds  per  day  to  2.28  pounds  per  day,  while  the  one-third-feed 
lot  decreased  from  2.08  to  1.64  pounds.  The  decrease  in  the  individual 
gains,  with  the  exception  of  Steer  667,  was  just  as  marked  as  the  de- 
crease in  the  average  gains. 

A  study  of  the  individual  data  in  Table  17,  page  593,  shows  that 
the  economy  of  gains  as  measured  by  the  consumption  of  dry  sub- 
stance was  decreased  in  Period  2  with  but  one  exception — Steer  667. 
Table  18  shows  that,  with  the  exception  just  noted,  the  amount  of 
digestible  dry 'substance  necessary  to  produce  a  pound  of  gain  was 
much  greater  in  Period  2  than  in  Period  1.  Table  19  shows  that  the 
economy  as  measured  by  the  consumption  of  net  energy  per  pound 
of  gain  was  much  decreased  in  Period  2. 

One  would  not  expect  such  marked  differences  in  the  rate  of  gain 
and  the  economy  of  gains  between  Periods  1  and  2  as  were  shown  by 
the  steers  in  this  experiment.  Of  course,  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
the  economy  of  gains  decreases  with  the  increasing  age  and  condition 
of  the  animal.  However,  it  would  not  seem  that  the  few  weeks  differ- 
ence between  Periods  1  and  2  would  have  such  a  marked  effect.  It 
is  possible  that  the  decrease  in  consumption  of  digestible  crude  pro- 
tein may  have  been  responsible  for  the  decrease  in  the  rate  and  econ- 
omy of  gains.  However,  the  decrease  in  protein  consumption  was  not 
great,  varying  from  0.03  pound  to  0.21  pound  per  day.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  there  was  no  correlation  between  the  decrease  in  protein  con- 
sumption and  the  decrease  in  efficiency  among  the  individual  steers. 
Consequently,  we  are  unable  to  explain  these  results  which  seem  con- 
trary to  general  opinion. 

Influence  of  Change  from,  Hay  1  Part  and  Corn  3  Parts,  to  Hay 
1  Part  and  Corn  5  Parts. — During  the  second  transitional  period  the 
hay  of  the  ration  was  gradually  decreased  and  the  corn  was  increased, 
so  that  during  Period  3  the  ration  consisted  of  hay  1  part  and  corn 
5  parts. 

There  was  a  considerable  reduction  in  the  consumption  of  total 
dry  substance  in  Period  3  owing  to  the  reduction  of  the  roughage  and 
the  increase  of  the  concentrates  of  the  ration.  These  data  are  given 
in  Table  5.  The  data  of  Table  6  show  that  there  was  a  considerable 
reduction  also  in  the  amount  of  digestible  dry  substance  consumed, 
altho  there  was  not  as  great  a  difference  between  Periods  2  and  3  as 


[1917  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS  597 

in  the  case  of  the  total  dry  substance.  The  consumption  of  digestible 
crude  protein  in  Period  3  was  considerably  lower  than  in  Period  2, 
as  is  shown  by  the  data  in  Table  7.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  protein 
consumption  of  most  of  the  steers  was  below,  or  no  greater  than,  the 
ordinary  standards  for  maintenance.  Table  9,  page  582,  shows  that 
the  consumption  of  net  energy  in  Period  3  was  considerably  lower 
than  in  Period  2.  In  general,  the  steers  in  Period  3  received  less 
nutrients  than  in  Period  2,  the  consumption  of  protein  being  espe- 
cially decreased.  This  was  due  to  the  slump  in  the  appetites  of  the 
full-feed  steers  and  the  consequent  reduction  in  the  rations  of  the 
steers  of  the  other  lots. 

As  one  would  naturally  expect,  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  rate 
of  gains  in  Period  3,  as  shown  in  Table  14,  page  588.  This  decrease 
was  quite  marked  except  in  the  cases  of  three  steers,  Nos.  669,  657, 
and  663.  The  decrease  in  rate  of  gains  was  greatest  in  case  of  the  full- 
feed  lot.  In  fact,  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  made  as  good  gains  in  this 
period  as  the  full-feed  lot.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  noted  that 
there  was  little  difference  in  the  consumption  of  digestible  protein  and 
net  energy  between  these  two  lots  during  this  period. 

Referring  to  Table  17,  page  593,  it  is  seen  that  in  general  more 
total  dry  substance  was  required  to  produce  a  pound  of  gain  in  Period 
3  than  in  Period  2.  However,  Steers  669,  668,  657,  and  663  were  ex- 
ceptions, making  slightly  more  economical  gains  in  this  than  in  the 
preceding  period.  Table  18,  page  594,  shows  that  the  consumption 
of  digestible  dry  substance  per  pound  of  gain  was  greater  in  Period 
3  than  in  Period  2.  Furthermore,  the  exceptions  noted  above  are  not 
so  noticeable  in  this  case.  By  reference  to  Table  19,  page  595,  it  is 
seen  that  the  economy  of  the  gains,  as  measured  by  the  consumption 
of  net  energy  per  pound  of  gain,  decreased  in  Period  3  in  every  in- 
stance except  in  case  of  Steer  663.  In  general,  then,  it  seems  safe  to 
say  that  the  efficiency  of  the  ration  was  decreased  in  Period  3.  This 
is  what  one  would  expect  after  comparing  the  feed  consumption  in 
Periods  2  and  3.  Also  the  increased  condition,  especially  of  the  full- 
feed  steers,  undoubtedly  tended  to  decrease  the  rate  and  economy  of 
gains.  Furthermore,  it  seems  probable  that  the  small  amount  of  pro- 
tein consumed  in  Period  3  may  have  adversely  affected  the  rate  and 
economy  of  gains. 

Influence  of  Change  from  Hay  1  Part  and  Corn  5  Parts,  to  Hay 
1  Part,  Corn  4  Parts,  and  Linseed  Meal  1  Part. — During  the  third 
transitional  period  the  corn  of  the  ration  was  gradually  reduced  and 
old-process  linseed  meal  was  gradually  introduced  into  the  ration,  so 
that  during  Period  4  the  steers  received  a  ration  the  same  as  in  Period 
3  except  that  a  part  of  the  corn  was  replaced  by  linseed  meal.  There 
was  little  or  no  difference  in  the  actual  amounts  of  hay  and  of  con- 
centrates eaten  in  Periods  3  and  4  (see  Tables  3  and  4).  However, 


59&  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

when  the  feed  consumption  is  computed  in  terms  of  1000  pounds  live 
weight,  it  is  evident  that  there  was  a  slight  reduction  in  the  amount 
of  feed  consumed  in  Period  4,  especially  in  case  of  the  two-thirds-  and 
full-feed  lots,  owing  to  the  increased  weight  of  the  animals  (see  Table 
5).  The  consumption  of  digestible  dry  substance  per  1000  pounds 
live  weight  in  Period  4  was  nearly  as  great  as  in  Period  3.  Of  course 
the  digestible  protein  was  increased  considerably  by  the  addition  of 
linseed  meal.  In  fact,  the  consumption  of  protein  was  almost  doubled. 
The  consumption  of  net  energy,  as  given  in  Table  9,  was  also  slightly 
lower  in  Period  4  in  most  instances.  In  general,  the  consumption  of 
nutrients  per  1000  pounds  live  weight  was  practically  the  same  in 
Periods  3  and  4,  except  in  case  of  the  protein,  which  was  almost  twice 
as  great  in  Period  4  as  in  Period  3  (see  Tables  6,  7,  and  9). 

The  average  daily  gains  (Table  14)  show  that  the  introduction 
of  linseed  meal  into  the  ration  affected  the  rate  of  gains  quite  ma- 
terially. In  case  of  the  one-third-feed  lot  and  the  two-thirds-feed  lot, 
the  gains  of  all  steers  increased  considerably  after  the  introduction  of 
linseed  meal.  In  the  full-feed  lot,  the  gains  of  three  steers  increased 
while  the  gain  of  one  steer  (No.  663)  decreased  after  the  addition  of 
linseed  meal.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted  that  Steer  663, 
whose  gains  decreased  after  the  linseed  meal  was  introduced  into  the 
ration,  went  off  feed  quite  badly  during  this  period  and  was  removed 
from  the  experiment  at  the  end  of  the  30th  week.  Also,  the  increases 
in  the  gains  of  the  other  steers  of  the  full-feed  lot  after  the  introduc- 
tion of  linseed  meal  were  much  greater  than  those  of  the  two-thirds- 
feed  lot.  In  fact,  the  increase  in  the  gains  of  the  full-feed  lot  after 
the  introduction  of  the  linseed  meal  was  quite  marked.  In  this  con- 
nection it  is  well  to  state  again  that  in  Period  4  slightly  less  total  dry 
substance,  slightly  less  digestible  dry  substance,  and  slightly  less  net 
energy  were  consumed  than  in  Period  3.  However,  almost  twice  as 
much  protein  was  consumed  in  Period  4  as  in  Period  3.  Apparently 
the  addition  of  protein  to  the  nutrients  was  responsible  for  the  in- 
creased gains.  Why  the  increase  in  gains  should  vary  with  the  amount 
of  feed  consumed  is  not  explained  by  these  data. 

A  study  of  Table  16  shows  that  in  case  of  the  one-third-feed  lot, 
about  54  percent  more  feed  was  required  to  produce  a  pound  of  gain 
in  Period  3,  when  no  nitrogenous  concentrate  was  fed,  than  in  Period 
4,  when  linseed  meal  was  substituted  for  an  equal  amount  of  corn.  In 
the  two-thirds-feed  lot,  57  percent  more  feed  was  required  to  produce 
a  pound  of  gain  in  the  corn  period  than  in  the  corn  and  linseed  meal 
period.  In  the  full-feed  lot,  62  percent  more  feed  was  required  to 
produce  a  pound  of  gain  when  corn  was  the  sole  concentrate  than 
when  linseed  meal  was  also  used.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  re- 
membered that  if  the  same  ration  had  been  fed  in  Periods  3  and  4, 
we  should  have  expected  that  more  feed  would  be  required  in  Period 


[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


599 


4,  as  the  steers  were  older  and  more  nearly  finished  in  this  period. 
However,  before  drawing  any  definite  conclusions  from  these  data, 
the  data  of  the  individual  animals  should  be  considered,  especially 
in  view  of  the  small  number  of  animals  in  each  lot.  It  will  simplify 
the  study  to  speak  in  terms  of  dry  substance  per  pound  of  gain  rather 
than  in  terms  of  corn,  hay,  and  linseed  meal  per  pound  of  gain. 

Table  17,  page  593,  shows  the  individual  data  pertaining  to  the 
amount  of  dry  substance  per  pound  of  gain.  These  data  are  more 
easily  studied  if  the  amount  required  to  produce  a  pound  of  gain  in 
Period  3  is  calculated  in  percent  of  the  amount  required  to  produce 
a  pound  of  gain  in  Period  4.  Assuming  the  amount  consumed  in 
Period  4  as  100  percent,  the  amounts  consumed  by  the  different  steers 
in  Period  3  were  as  shown  in  Table  20. 

TABLE  20. — DRY  SUBSTANCE  CONSUMED  PER  POUND  OF  GAIN  IN  PERIOD  3  EXPRESSED 
IN  PERCENT  OF  THE  AMOUNT  CONSUMED  PER  POUND  OF  GAIN  IN  PERIOD  4 


Steer 
No. 

One-third- 
feed  lot 

Steer 
No. 

Two-thirds- 
feed  lot 

Steer 
No. 

Full-feed 
lot 

667 
666 
669 
662 

155.4 
260.9 
123.4 
131.5 

668 
652 
665 
657 

189.8 
125.0 
200.1 
123.6 

659 
663 
661 
664 

168.2 
92.9 

267.4 
192.8 

Average 

167.8 

Average 

159.6 

Average 

180.3 

Considering  the  individual  steers  of  the  one-third-feed  lot,  it  is 
found  that  the  rations  of  all  four  steers  were  more  efficient  after  the 
addition  of  the  linseed  meal.  Consequently,  it  seems  safe  to  conclude 
that  the  introduction  of  linseed  meal  into  the  ration  of  the  one-third- 
feed  lot  increased  the  efficiency  thereof. 

Referring  to  the  data  concerning  the  steers  of  the  two-thirds-feed 
lot,  it  is  seen  that  the  rations  of  all  steers  again  were  more  efficient 
after  the  introduction  of  linseed  meal.  Taking  this  into  consideration, 
it  seems  safe  to  conclude  that  the  introduction  of  linseed  meal  into  the 
ration  of  the  two-thirds-feed  lot  materially  increased  the  efficiency  of 
the  ration. 

Considering  the  steers  of  the  full-feed  lot,  it  is  seen  that  the  in- 
troduction of  the  linseed  meal  increased  the  efficiency  of  the  ration  to 
a  marked  degree  in  cases  of  Steers  659,  661,  and  664.  Steer  663  made 
less  economical  gains  after  the  introduction  of  the  linseed  meal.  This 
was  doubtless  due  to  the  fact  that  this  steer  went  off  feed  and  scoured 
badly  during  the  28th,  29th,  and  30th  weeks  of  the  experiment.  In 
fact,  at  the  end  of  the  30th  week  it  was  necessary  to  remove  him  from 
the  experiment  and  put  him  on  another  ration.  Taking  this  into  con- 
sideration, it  seems  safe  to  conclude  that  the  introduction  of  linseed 
meal  into  the  ration  of  the  full-feed  lot  caused  a  marked  increase  m 
the  economy  of  the  ration. 


600  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

Referring  again  to  Table  18,  page  594,  showing  the  amount  of 
digestible  dry  substance  consumed  per  pound  of  gain,  and  to  Table 
19,  page  595,  showing  the  amount  of  net  energy  consumed  per  pound 
of  gain,  it  is  seen  that  in  the  one-third-feed  and  two-thirds-feed  lots 
all  of  the  steers  made  more  economical  gains  after  the  addition  of  lin- 
seed meal.  In  the  case  of  the  full-feed  lot,  this  was  also  true  of  Steers 
659,  661,  and  664,  but  the  gain  of  Steer  663  was  less  economical.  How- 
ever, as  previously  noted,  this  steer  was  not  in  normal  condition  dur- 
ing this  period. 

From  these  results,  one  concludes  that  the  introduction  of  linseed 
meal  into  the  ration  caused  the  gains  to  be  made  more  economically, 
as  measured  by  the  consumption  of  digestible  dry  substance  and  net 
energy. 

SUMMARY 

1.  Sixteen  two-year-old,  choice  feeder  steers  were  divided  into 
four  lots  of  four  steers  each.    One  lot  was  given  a  ration  slightly  above 
maintenance;    another,  an  amount  of  feed  equal  to  the  maintenance 
ration  plus  one-third  of  the  difference  between  the  maintenance  and 
the  full-feed  rations;   another,  an  amount  equal  to  the  maintenance 
ration  plus  two-thirds  of  the  difference  between  the  maintenance  and 
the  full-feed  rations ;   and  another,  as  much  feed  as  the  steers  would 
eat  readily. 

2.  The  experiment  lasted  for  thirty-seven  weeks  and  was  divided 
into  five  test  periods.    The  first  period  was  five  weeks  in  length,  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  were  each  six  weeks  in  length,  and  the  fifth 
was  four  weeks  in  length. 

3.  The  feeds  used  were  clover  hay,  ground  corn,  and  linseed  oil 
meal.    The  ration  of  the  first  test  period  consisted  of  clover  hay  and 
ground  corn  in  the  ratio  of  1 :1 ;  that  of  the  second,  of  clover  hay  and 
ground  corn  in  the  ratio  of  1:3;  that  of  the  third,  of  clover  hay  and 
ground  corn  in  the  ratio  of  1 :  5  ;   and  that  of  the  fourth  and  fifth,  of 
clover  hay,  ground  corn,  and  linseed  oil  meal  in  the  ratio  of  1:4:1. 

4.  In  Period  1,  when  the  ration  consisted  of  equal  parts  of  clover 
hay  and  ground  corn,  the  average  daily  gains  of  the  different  lots  and 
the  individual  variations  were  as  follows: 


Lot 

Average 

Variations 

Maintenance  

Its. 
146 

Ibs. 
0.34-1.97 

One-third-f  eed  

2.08 

1.69-2.51 

Two-thirds-feed  

2.87 

2.51-3.37 

Full-feed  

2.98 

2.54-3.40 

[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


601 


The  consumption  of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and 
nci  energy  per  pound  of  gain  by  the  one-third-,  two-thirds-,  and  full- 
feed  lots  was  as  follows: 


Lot 

Dry  substance 

Digestible  dry 
substance 

Net  energy 

Average 

Variations 

Average 

Variations 

Average 

Variations 

One-third-feed  .  . 
Two-thirds-feed  . 
Full-feed  

Ibs. 

6.61 
6.25 
7.33 

Its. 
5.35-8.17 
5.37-7.21 
6.02-8.71 

Ibs. 
4.36 
3.99 
4.59 

Ibs. 
3.68-5.38 
3.41-4.63 
3.82-5.40 

therms 
4.12 
3.76 
4.32 

therms 
3.50-5.09 
3.21-4.34 
3.61-5.06 

5.  In  Period  2,  when  the  ration  consisted  of  1  part  of  clover  hay 
to  3  parts  of  ground  corn,  the  average  daily  gains  of  the  different  lots 
and  the  individual  variations  were  as  follows: 


Lot 

Average 

Variations 

Maintenance  

Ibs. 

0.00 

Ibs. 

-0.12-0.07 

One-third-feed  

1.64 

1.31-1.98 

Two-thirds-feed  

1.84 

1.57-2.24 

Full-feed  

2.28 

1.95-2.62 

The  consumption  of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and 
net  energy  per  pound  of  gain  by  the  one-third-,  two-thirds-,  and  full- 
feed  lots  was  as  follows : 


Lot 

Dry  substance 

Digestible  dry 
substance 

Net  energy 

Average 

i  Variations 

Average 

Variations 

Average  '  Variations 

One-third-feed  .  . 
Two-thirds-feed  . 
Full-feed  .  . 

Ibs. 
7.95 

9.96 
9.86 

Ibs. 

6.57-10.12 

1  7.78-11.85 
'  8.27-12.06 

Ibs. 

5.71 
6.85 
6.36 

Ibs. 

4.73-7.20 
5.40-8.09 
5.35-7.24 

therms 
5.90 
7.05 
6.51 

therms 

4.88-7.45 
5.54-8.33 
5.47-7.40 

6.  In  Period  3,  when  the  ration  consisted  of  1  part  of  clover  hay 
and  5  parts  of  ground  corn,  the  daily  gains  of  the  different  lots  were 
as  follows: 


Lot 

Average 

Variations 

Maintenance  ... 

Ibs. 
0  04 

Ibs. 
-0  1  2-0  14 

One-  third-feed  

1.12 

0.55-1.40 

Two-thirds-feed  

1.48 

1  02-1.74 

Full-feed  .  . 

1.50 

0.90-2.12 

602  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March, 

The  consumption  of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and 
net  energy  per  pound  of  gain  was  as  follows : 


Lot 

Dry  substance 

Digestible  dry 
substance 

Net  energy 

Average 

Variations 

Average  |  Variations  j 

Average 

Variations 

One-third-feed  .  . 
Two-thirds-feed 
Pull-feed.. 

Ibs. 
10.40 
11.08 
12.41 

Ibs. 

8.05-20.30 
9.70-16.47 
7.64-20.16 

Its.              Ibs. 
7.91        6.10-15.24 
8.15        7.14-11.71 
8.63        5.66-13.16 

therms 
8.46 
8.72 
9.08 

therms 
6.53-16.33 
7.63-12.53 
6.04-13.65 

7.  In  Period  4,  when  the  ration  consisted  of  1  part  of  clover 
hay,  4  parts  of  ground  corn,  and  1  part  of  linseed  meal,  the  daily 
gains  were  as  follows : 


Lot 

Average 

Variations 

Maintenance  

Ibs. 
0  85 

Ibs. 

0  74-0.95 

One-third-feed  

1.65 

1.36-2.17 

Two-thirds-feed  

2.14 

1.74-3  J07 

Full-feed.. 

2.45 

1.81-2.86 

The  consumption  of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and 
net  energy  per  pound  of  gain  was  as  follows : 


Lot 

Dry  substance 

Digestible  dry 
substance 

Net  energy 

Average  j  Variations 

Average 

Variations 

Average 

Variations 

One-third-feed  .  . 
Two-thirds-feed  . 
Full-feed  

Ibs. 
6.81 
7.06 
7.64 

n*. 

5.18-7.78 
5.11-8.28 
6.94-8.22 

Ibs. 

5.24 
5.30 
5.79 

Ibs. 
3.98-6.04 
3.83-6.22 
5.50-6.50 

therms 
5.53 
5.58 
6.15 

therms 
4.20-6.38 
4.04-6.55 
5.56-6.87 

8.     Considering  the  entire  experiment  of  thirty-seven  weeks,  the 
daily  gains  were  as  follows: 


Lot 

Average 

Variations 

Maintenance  

Ibs. 

0.701 

Ibs. 
0.37-1.051 

One-third-feed  

1.321 

1.23-1.391 

Two-thirds-feed  

1  791 

1.75-1.811 

Full-feed  

2.13 

1.98-2.29 

'This  average  includes  the  data  for  two  steers  which  were  upon  full  feed  from 
the  31st  to  the  37th  week  inclusive. 


The  consumption  of  dry  substance,  digestible  dry  substance,  and 
net  energy  per  pound  of  gain  was  as  follows : 


[1917 


ECONOMY  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 


603 


Lot 

Dry  substance 

Digestible  dry 
substance 

Net  energy 

Average 

Variations 

Average  j  Variations 

Average    Variations 

One-third-feed  .  . 
Two-thirds-feed. 
FuJl-f  eed  

Ibs. 
9.5P 
9.401 
9.63 

Ibs. 
9.17-10.041 
8.95-  9.641 
8.41-10.47 

Ibs.      |        Ibs. 
6.961     :   (5.73-7.291 
6.67*        6.48-6.861 
6.60      '  5.95-7.23 

therms 
7.221 
6.901 
6.73 

therms 
6.97-7.551 
6.67-7.101 
6.10-7.48 

VThis  average  includes  the  data  for  two  steers  which  were  npon  full  feed  from 
the  31st  to  the  37th  week  inclusive. 

CONCLUSIONS 

1.  Two-year-old  steers  may  be  maintained  011  8  to  9  pounds  of 
dry  substance,  0.39  to  0.44  pound  of  digestible  crude  protein,  and  6.5 
to  6.8  therms  of  net  energy  per  1000  pounds  live  weight. 

2.  Fattening  two-year-old  steers  may  make  satisfactory  gains 
over  a  period  of  thirty-seven  weeks  011  14.3  to  22.1  pounds  of  dry 
substance,  0.72  to  1.44  pounds  -of  digestible  crude  protein,  and  11.9 
to  13.0  therms  of  net  energy  per  1000  pounds  live  weight.     Fairly 
good  gains  may  be  made  even  on  less  amounts  than  these. 

3.  The  rate  of  gains  of  two-year-old  steers  depends  upon  the 
amount  of  feed  consumed.     However,  the  amount  of  feed  consumed 
between  one-third  feed  and  full  feed  apparently  has  no  effect  upon 
the  economy  of  gains  as  measured  by  the  consumption  of  feed,  of  total 
dry  substance,  of  digestible  dry  substance,  and  of  net  energy  per 
pound  of  gain. 

4.  When  a  ration  consisting  of  clover  hay  and  ground  corn  in 
equal  parts  is  changed  to  a  ration  consisting  of  one  part  of  clover  hay 
and  three  parts  of  corn,  the  amounts  of  digestible  dry  substance  and 
net  energy  remaining  practically  unchanged,  but  the  protein  being 
reduced  10  to  12  percent,  the  rate  of  gains  and  the  economy  of  gains 
are  considerably  decreased. 

5.  When  a  ration  consisting  of  one  part  of  clover  hay  and  three 
parts  of  ground  corn  is  changed  to  one  consisting  of  one  part  of  clover 
hay  and  five  parts  of  ground  corn,  the  digestible  dry  substance,  di- 
gestible protein,  and  net  energy  also  being  slightly  reduced,  the  rate 
and  economy  of  gains  are  decreased. 

6.  The  substitution  of  one  part  of  linseed  meal  for  one  part  of 
corn  in  a  ration  of  clover  hay  one  part  and  ground  corn  five  parts 
materially  increases  the  rate  of  gains  and  the  economy  of  gains. 

7.  Steers  which  have  been  kept  011  a  low  plane  of  nutrition 
(maintenance)   for  a  considerable  time  make  more  economical  gains 
when  put  upon  a  full-feed  ration  than  steers  which  have  been  upon 
full  feed  for  some  time.    HoAvever,  steers  receiving  more  than  a  main- 
tenance but  less  than  a  full-feed  ration  make  no  more  economical  gains 
when  put  upon  full  feed  than  steers  which  have  already  been  on  full 
feed. 


604  BULLETIN  No.  197  [March. 

8.  From  the  results  obtained  in  this  investigation,  it  seems  safe 
to  conclude  that  steers  may  be  maintained  or  fattened  with  the  ordi- 
nary rations  of  the  corn  belt  on  less  digestible  dry  matter,  on  less  di- 
gestible protein,  and  on  less  net  energy  than  the  amounts  prescribed 
by  the  generally  accepted  feeding  standards. 


The  authors  wish  to  acknowledge  the  efficient  assistance  rendered 
by  J.  J.  Yoke  and  W.  A.  Balis  in  the  feeding,  weighing,  and  care  of 
the  animals;  by  F.  W.  Gill  in  the  analytical  work;  and  by  P.  A. 
Hoffman,  W.  J.  Gage,  Jr.,  and  W.  A.  Hixson,  in  the  weighing  and 
sampling  of  the  feeds,  orts,  feces,  and  urine,  and  in  the  keeping  of 
many  of  the  records. 


AUTHOR  INDEX 


605 


AUTHOR  INDEX 


PAGE 

.Allyn,  O.  M.,  and  Burlison,  W.  L. 
Prices  and  Shrinkage  of 
Farm  Grains 11-26 

Allyn,  O.  M.,  and  Burlison,  W.  L. 
Yields  of  Different  Varieties 
of  Corn  in  Illinois.  ...  1 .407-424 

Allyn,  O.  M.,  and  Burlison,  W.  L. 
Yields  of  Spring  Grains  in 
Illinois 497-508 

Aumer,  J.  P.,  and  Hopkins,  Cyril 

G.  Potassium  from  the  Soil  1-10 

Bauer,  P.  C.,  Hopkins,  Cyril  G., 
and  Hosier*  J.  G.  Summary 
of  Illinois  Soil  Investiga- 
tions   • 449^84 

Blair,  J.  C.,  Foglesong,  L.  E., 
Gunderson,  A.  J.,  Pickett,  B. 
S.,  Ruth,  W.  A.,  and  Wat- 
kins,  O.  S.  Field  Experi- 
ments in  Spraying  Apple  Or- 
chards ....  * 47-212 

Bull,  Sleeter,  Emmett,  A.  D., 
Grindley,  H.  S.,  and  Mum- 
ford,  H.  W.  A  Study  of  the 
Rate  and  Economy  of  Gains 
of  Fattening  Steers  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Amount  and 
the  Character  of  Feed  Con- 
sumed   565-604 

Burlison,  W.  L.,  and  Allyn,  O.  M. 
Prices  and  Shrinkage  of 
Farm  Grains  .  .  .  : 11-26 

B'urlison,  W.  L.,  and  Allyn,  O.  M. 
Yields  of  Different  Varieties 
of  Corn  in  Illinois 407-424 

Burlison,  W.  L.,  and  Allyn,  O.  M. 
Yields  of  Spring  Grains  in 
Illinois 497-508 

Durst,  C.  E.  Methods  of  Fertil- 
izing Sweet  Potatoes 267-278 

Edmonds,  J.  L.  Feeding  Pure- 
Bred  Draft  Fillies 425-448 

Emmett,  A.  D.,  Bull,  Sleeter, 
Grindley,  H.  S.,  and  Mum- 
ford,  H.  W.  A  Study  of  the 
Rate  and  Economy  of  Gains 
of  Fattening  Steers  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Amount  and 
the  Character  of  Feed  Con- 
sumed   565-604 

Foglesong,  L.  E.,  Blair,  J.  C., 
Gunderson,  A.  J.,  Piekett,  B. 


PAGS 

S.,  Ruth,  W.  A.,  and  Wat- 
kins,  O.  S.  Field  Experi- 
ments in  Spraying  Apple  Or- 
chards   47-212 

Forbes,    Stephen   A.     A   General 
Survey    of    the    May-Beetles 
(Phyllophaga)  of  Illi- 
nois   213-257 

Forbes,  Stephen  A.  The  Influ- 
ence of  Trees  and  Crops  on 
Injury  by  White-Grubs.  .259-265 

Grindley,  H.  S.,  Bull,  Sleeter,  Em- 
mett, A.  D.,  and  Mumford, 
H.  W.  A  Study  of  the  Rate 
and  Economy  of  Gains  of 
Fattening  Steers  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  Influence 
of  the  Amount  and  the  Char- 
acter of  Feed-Consumed.  . 565-60 1 

Gunderson,  A.  J.,  Blair,  J.  C., 
Foglesong,  L.  E.,  Pickett,  B. 
S.,  Ruth,  W.  A.,  and  Wat- 
kins,  O.  S.  Field  Experi-  • 
ments  in  Spraying  Apple  Or- 
chards  .47-212 

Hopkins,  Cyril  G.,  and  Aumer,  J. 
P.  Potassium  from  the  Soil 
1-10 

Hopkins,  Cyril  G.,  and  Whiting, 
Albert  L.  Soil  Bacteria  and 
Phosphates 391-406 

Hopkins,  Cyril  G.,  Bauer,  F.  C., 
and  Mosier,  J;  G.  Summary 
of  .Illinois  Soil  Investiga- 
tions   449-484 

Hopkins,  Cyril  G.  A  New  Lime- 
stone Tester 485-495 

Lloyd,  John  W.  Tests  with  Ni- 
trate of  Soda  in  the  Produc- 
tion of  Early  Vegetables.  .27-46 

AI  osier,  J.  G.,  Bauer,  F.  C.,  and 
Hopkins,  Cyril  G.  Summary 
of  Illinois  Soil  Investiga- 
tions   449-484 

Mumford,  H.  W.,  Bull,  Sleeter, 
Emmett,  A.  D.,  and  Grind- 
ley,  'H.  S.  A  Study  of  the 
Rate  and  Economy  of  Gains 
of  Fattening  Steers  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Amount  and 
the  Character  of  Feed  Con- 
sumed .  .  .5(i5-604 


606 


VOLUME  13 


PAGE 

Muncie,  F.  W.  The  Use  of  Com- 
mercial Fertilizers  in  Grow- 
ing Koses 509-5(54 

Peltier,  George  L.  Parasitic 

Ehizoctonias  in  America  279-390 

Pickett,  B.  S.,  Blair,  J.  C.,  Fogle- 
song,  L.  E.,  Gunderson,  A.  J., 
Euth,  W.  A.,  and  Watkins,  O. 
S.  Field  Experiments  in 
Spraying  Apple  Orchards  47-212 

Euth,  W.  A.,  Blair,  J.  C.,  Fogle- 
song,  L.  E.,  Gunderson,  A.  J., 


PACE 

Pickett,  B.  S.,  and  Watkins, 
O.  S.  Field  Experiments  in 
Spraying  Apple  Orchards. 47-2 12 

Watkins,  O.  S.,  Blair,  J.  C.,  Fogle- 
song,  L.  E.,  Gunderson,  A.  J., 
Euth,  W.  A.,  and  Piekett,  B. 
S.  Field  Experiments  in 
Spraying  Apple  Orchards. 4 7-2 12 

Whiting,  Albert  L.,  and  Hopkins, 
Cyril  G.  Soil  Bacteria  and 
Phosphates 391-406 


INDEX 


607 


INDEX 


(The  headings  in  capitals  are  subjects  of  entire  bulletins) 


PAGE 
Acid  phosphate,  see  Phosphate 

Agave  rigida 308 

Alfalfa,  Bhizoctonia  on 308-09 

Attvum 328 

ascalonicum 284 

Alternanthera,  Ehizoctonia  on.  .      310 
Alyssum,  Sweet,  Ehizoctonia  on  310-11 

Alyssum  odoratum 810 

Amaranthus,   Ehizoctonia   on....   311 

Amaranthus  albus 311 

retroflexus 311 

spinosus 311 

Ammonium  sulfate  for  roses  511,  541 
Anna,  111.,  Spraying  experiments 

139-55 

Tests  of  fertilizing   sweet  po- 
tatoes .  .   269-78 

Antioch  experiment  field,  experi- 
ments on ". 479-80 

Apium  graveolens 320 

Apple  blotch,  see  Spraying  exper- 
iments 

Apple  flea-weevil 109 

APPLE     OECHAEDS,     FIELD 
EXPEEIMENTS   IN 

SP.  BAYING 47-212 

Apple  scab,  see  Spraying  experi- 
ments 
Apple  trees,  Diseases  of  foliage 

and  fruit 49-50 

Insects    attacking    foliage    and 

fruit 49 

Arachis  liypogoea 308 

Asparagus,    Ornamental,    Bhizoe- 

tonia  on 311 

Asparagus  'sprcngeri 311 

Asters,  China,  Ehizoctonia  on  311-12 
Auburn,  111.,  Variety  tests  of  corn  417 

Barley,  Price,  1904-13 19 

Barley,  grown  at  DeKalb 503 

Fairfield 507 

IJrbana 506-07 

Beans,  Bhizoetonia  on 312-14 

Beets,  Nitrate  of  soda  for.  .33,  37,  43 

Ehizoctonia  on 314—15 

Begonias,  Bhizoetonia  on 315 

Beta  vulgaris  .' 314 

Bitter    rot    of    apples,    Spraying 

for 205 

Blackberry,  Ehizoctonia  on 315 

Bloomington      experiment      field, 

Experiments  on    471-72 


PAGE 

Bordeaux  injury,  see  Spraying  ex- 
periments 

Brassica  olerace'a 316 

Buckwheat,  Ehizoctonia  on 315 

Byssothesium  circinans 285 

Cabbage,   Nitrate   of   soda   for.  . 

.  , 34,  40,  44,  45 

Ehizoctonia  on 316-17 

Calcium  required  by  crops 406 

Callistephus  hortensis 311 

Candytuft,  Ehizoctonia  on 317 

Carbon  dioxid  in  soil 403-05 

Carnations,  Ehizoctonia  on  283,  317-20 
Inoculation  of,  see  Ehizoctonia 
Solani 

Carrots,  Ehizoctouia  on 320 

Cauliflower,  Nitrate  of  soda  for 

35,  41,  45 

Celery,  Ehizoctonia  011 320-21 

Centaurea  gymnocarpa 321,  333 

Centralia,    111.,    Spraying    experi- 
ments   126-38 

Chenopodium  album 326 

Citrus 307 

Clover,  Bed,  Bhizoetonia  on 321 

Codling   moth,    see   Spraying   ex- 
periments 

Colons,  Ehizoctonia  on 310,  322 

Coniferous  seedlings,  Ehizoctonia 

on 322 

Cor chorus  capsularis 308 

Coreoipsis  lanceolata 322 

Corn 

Growing  season  in  Illinois.  .  .  .   409 

Price,  1904-13 16 

Prices  necessary  to  compensate 

for  shrinkage 23-24 

Ehizoctonia  on 323 

Shrinkage 13,  21-23 

Shrinkage  experiments 

Illinois  station 21-22 

Ohio  station 22 

Varieties 422-24 

COEN  IN   ILLINOIS,   YIELDS 
OF    DIFFEEENT    VAEIE- 

TIES  OF 407-24 

Coronilla 307 

Cortichim  ocliralcucum  .  .  .  *  .290,  376 

vaffum 285,  287,  306, 

308,  311,  316,  321,  322,  323,  325, 

335,  376 

Cotton,  Ehizoctonia  on 323-24 


608 


VOLUME  13 


PAGE 

Croat*  salinis 283 

Crop  production,  Scientific  discov- 
eries relating  to     393 

Curculio,     see     Spraying     experi- 
ments 

Cyclocephala . .   2G1 

Du-ucus  carota 320 

Decatur,  111.,  Variety  tests  of  corn  417 
DeKalb,     111.,     Tests :   of    spring 

grains  .  .  .    499-503 

Variety  tests  of  corn  411,  411',  413 

Dittnthus,  Ehizoctonia'  on 324 

barbatns 324 

earyophylhts 317 

phimarnis 324 

scqncri 324 

Dolichos  Lablab,  Ehizoctonia  on  308 
Draft  fillies,  Feeding  experiments 

425-48 

Redding 428 

Feeds 427-28,  434 

Composition 441 

Cost 439-40 

.  Gains 435-36,  437,  438-39 

Grooming 428 

Plan  of  experiment 427 

Shelter 428 

DRAFT     FILLIES,     FEEDING 

PURR-BRED 425-48 

Draft  fillies  used   in   feeding  ex- 
periment   428-29,430-33, 

442-48 

Dried  Mood   for  roses.  .516,  517,  518, 

520,  521,  523-24,  525-26,  527-28, 

533-38 

Analysis  of 512 

Dn  Bois  experiment  field,  Exper- 
iments on 477-78 

Egg  plant,  Rhizoctonia  on 325 

Emmer  grown  at  DeKalb 503 

Euphorbia  pulehcrrima 329 

Experiment  fields,  University  454-458 
Plan  of  investigations  on.  .459-462 

Fago'pyrum  eseitlentum 315 

Fail-field,    111.,    Tests    of    spring 

grains 499,  507 

Variety  tests   of  corn.' 418-22 

Fairfleld  experiment  field.  Exper- 
iments on 478-79 

Fertilizers 

Amount  used  in  U.  S 3 

Commercial    Analysis   of 512 

Experiments  with  roses.  .  .511-64 

Complete 3 

For  roses 

Amount  used 543,  544 

Effect  on  production.  .  .  .514,  541 

Rinds  needed 562-63 

For  sweet  potatoes 269 

Field-culture  experiments  .  .  .467-483 


PAGE 
Fillies,  sec  Draft  fillies 

Five  finger,  Rhizoctonia  on 325 

Flora,  111.,  Spraying  experiments 

104-17 

Flyspeck  on  apples,  sec  Spraying 

experiments 

Foxtail  grass,  Rhizoctonia  on...    3J5 
Fungicides,  sec  Spraying  experi- 
ments 

Galesburg   experiment    field,    Ex- 
periments on 469-70 

Glycine  soja 308 

Gossypium  herbaccum 323 

GRAINS,  FARM,  PRICES  AND 

SHRINKAGE    OF 11-26 

GRAINS,  SPRING,  YIELDS  OF, 

IX  ILLINOIS    497-508 

Green    Valley    experiment    field, 

Experiments  on 482-83 

Griggsville,  111.,  Spraying  experi- 
ments   118-25,  156-8(5 

Gypsopliihi  ,-<  IK  //* 325-26 

Henry-Morrison  feeding  standard  575 
Horses,  sec  Draft  fillies 

Hypochnus  Solani 285,  287 

'violaceus 284,  286 

Ibcris 317 

Inoculation   of   plants  nvith   Rhi- 
zoctonia cultures 337—64 

Insecticides,  sec  Spraying  exper- 
iments 
' '  I  nsoluble    residue, ' '    potassium 

in , 4 

l'sed  in  pot  cultures 5-10 

June-bugs,  sec  May-beetles 

Lactuca  saiiva 326 

Lamb's  quarters,  Rhizoctonia   on  326 

Lathams  oflor<i1nx 334 

Lavclcra   <irbornt-   rnriet/dlti 326 

Leaf  spot,  Spraying  for  control  of 

109,  117.  205 

Jjeptoaphaeria  circinans 285 

Lettuce,  Nitrate  of  soda  for  34,  40,  44 

Rhizoctonia  on .' . . .  .326-28 

Lime  Sulfur,  sec  Spraying  exper- 
iments 

Limestone,  Ground,  Cost 494 

For  roses 541,  557,  561 

-62,  5(>3-64 

Limestone  samples 494—95 

LIMESTONE  TESTER,  A  NKW 

485-95 

Cost 495 

Diagram  . . .  .  '486 

Limestone  tests 487-93 

Lobelia,    Rhizoctonia   on 328 

Lobelia  eriniis  .  .  . 328 

L/icopcr.sicum  erculcnlum 335 

Manito  experiment  field,   Experi- 
ments on 481-82 


INDEX 


609 


PAGE 

Mascoutah  experiment  field,  Ex- 
periments on .  .475-77 

Mat  toon,    111.,    Variety    tests    of 

corn 417 

M  A  V-KKKTLKS-  (PHYLLOPH- 
AGA)  OF  ILLINOIS,  GEN- 
ERAL SURVEY  OF 213-57 

Abundance  of  different  species 

249-50 

Collections  made  in  Illinois  215-19 

At  lights 238 

Dates 243-48 

Location 215-16 

Methods 218 

Numbers 216-18,  239 

Distribution  of  species.  .235-37,  256 

Foods 252-56 

Kinds    of    crops    preferred    by 

262-65 

Kinds  of  trees  attractive  to  250-51 

Parents  of  white-grubs 261 

Seasonal   succession   of   species 

240-42,  256 

Species 219-35,  256 

Mcdieayo  sativa,   Rhizoctonia   on 

;.".. 285,  308 

Milk  of  lime,  sec  Spraying  ex- 
periments 

Morns  alba,  Rhizoctonia  on 308 

Mvrtle,  111.,  Variety  tests  of  corn 

409-10 

Neoga,  111.,  Spraying  experi- 
ments   58-103 

In  1910 58-71 

In  1911 71-87 

In  1912 ..88-103 

\i <•!>•! i-tma,   Rhizoctonia   on 335 

Nitrate     of    soda,     Influence     on 

early  vegetables 29—46 

Amount  used 32-35 

Conclusions 45—46 

Plan  of  tests 29-32 

Results    of    tests 35-45 

Nitrite  bacteria 

Importance   and   extent   of  ac- 
tion   405-06 

Nitrogen    oxidized,    phosphorus 

and    calcium    made   soluble..    401 
Oafs 

Characteristics  of  different  va- 
rieties .  .  .  .    507,  50, S 

Comparison     of    northern     and 

home-grown  seed 502 

Price,  1904-13 18 

Shrinkage 24-26 

Shrinkage  experiments  at  other 

stations 24-25 

Oats  grown  at  DeKalb  .  .  .500-02,  508 

Fairfield 499,  507,  508 

Urbana 499,  503-05,  508 


PAGE 

Onions,  Nitrate  of  soda  for.o3,  38,  39, 

43,  44 
Rhizoctonia  on 328 

Orchards,    sec    Spraying    experi- 
ments 

Organic    matter    decomposed    by 

soil  bacteria 395-96 

Ammonia  production 396 

Nitrite  production 397-98 

Nitrate  production 398 

Pansies,   Rhizoctouia   on 328 

Permanent  agriculture 483 

Phaseolus,  Rhizoctonia  on 284 

vulgaris 312 

Phosphate,  Acid,  for  roses.. 516,  517, 

518,  521,  523-26,  528,   539,   540, 

550-57,  564 

Phosphate,  rock 395 

Phosphate,  solubility 

Action  of  ammonia  production 

398-99 

Action  of  nitrite  bacteria.  .399-403 
Action  of  nitrate  bacteria.  ....   403 

by  carbon  dioxid 403-05 

by  organic  acids 405 

Phtjllophagji  of  Illinois.  .215-57,  261 

anxia 227-28,  235 

nrlcunsmia 234 

balia 235 

b'arda 235 

bipartita  . .228,  236 

calccata 235 

congrua 233 

corrosa 232,  236 

crassissima 233 

crcnulata 231-32,  236,  237 

dclata 233,  236 

draUi 232,  236 

fcrvida 230-31,  236 

forbesi 226,  236 

fnrstcri 233,  236,  237 

fratcrna 228-£9,  237 

fusoa 223-24,  236,  257 

fiitilis .225,  257 

grandis 232 

Tiirticula  . .  219-21,  236 

Mrtiventris  .  . 235 

liorni 234 

ilicis 230 

implicita 221-23 

inversa 224-25,  236 

longitarsa 234 

mlcans 227,  237 

niiida 233,  235 

nova 233 

praetermisea 234,  237 

profunda 229,  237 

prunina 234 

.  rugosa 226-27,  235 

tristis 229-30 

vchemcns 231,  237 

villifrons 234 


610 


VOLUME  13 


PAGE 

l'l</ nt ago  aristata 328 

Plantain,  Rhizoctonia  on 328-29 

Plum  cureulio,  see  Curculio 

Poinsettia,  Rhizoctonia  on 329 

Pot-culture  experiments 480-81 

Potassium,   amount   contained   in 

normal  soils 4 

Potassium,  Commercial 3-4 

POTASSIUM  FROM  THE 

SOIL 1-10 

Experiments  1910-11 5-7 

1912 7-9 

1913-14 9-10 

Potassium  in  clover 10 

in  corn 10 

Potassium  sulfate  for  roses.  .516,  517, 
518,  522-23,  524-26 

Potatoes,  Rhizoctonia  on .329-31 

Potentilla 325 

Prices  of  farm  crops,  Regulation 

of 13-14 

of  farm  grains 13-21 

Quercus  imbricaria 251 

Radishes,    Nitrate    of    soda    for 

32,35,  42 

Rhizoctonia  on  . •.  . .  .332-33 

Rainfall  for  Illinois 409,  499 

Raleigh  experiment  field,  Experi- 
ments on 479 

Raphanus  sativtis 332 

Rheiim  rhapontioum 333 

Rhizoctonia  Alii 284 

Asparagi 284 

Betae 285,  314 

Crocorum 283,  284,  290,  292, 

305,  306,  307,  308,  309,  331,  376 

Dauti 284 

destruens  ........  ti 307 

fusca '.  307 

Mali 283 

Medicaginis  . 283,  284,  309 

Napaeae 285 

potomacensis 336 

Bapae 285 

Rubiae 284 

Rhizoctonia  Solani 

Bibliography 386-90 

Distribution  in  Australia 308 

Canada 306 

Europe 306-08 

India 308 

South  America  .  .  .  .• 306 

United  States 292-305 

West  Indies 306 

General  characters 286-92 

Growth  on  media.  .  .364-70,  378-85 

Historical  account 283-86 

Inoculation  experiments  .  .  337—364 
Measurement  of  mycelial   cells 

370-72 

Plants   susceptible   to 293-305, 

306-08,  308-37 


PAGE 

Soil  survey .372-75 

Symptoms  of  disease 308-37 

Rhizoctonia  Violacea 284,  285, 

286,  309 
RHIZOCTONIAS,    PARASITIC, 

IN  AMERICA 279-390 

Rhubarb,   Rhizoctonia   on 333 

Rock  Phosphate,  see  Phosphate 

Rosellinia  qu-ercina 285 

Roses 

Benefits  of  fertilizing 564 

Fertilizing    experiment,     1910— 

13 511-41 

1913-15 541-62 

Kind  of  stock  to  plant 564 

Kinds  used  in  experiments  511,  542 

Price,  1912 519 

ROSES,     USE     OF     COMMER- 
CIAL    FERTILIZERS     IN 

GROWING 509-64 

Rubia,  Rhizoctonia  on 307 

tinctorum,  Rhizoctonia  on 284 

Rubus,  Rhizoctonia  on 315 

Rumex  acctosella,  Rhizoctonia  on 

334 

Russeting   of   apples,    see   Spray- 
ing experiments 

Rye,  Price,  1904-13 20 

Rye  grown  at  DeKalb 503 

Fail-field 507 

Salvia,  Rhizoctonia  on 310,  333 

Salvia  splendcns,  Rhizoctonia  on.   333 

Kanibucus,   Rhizoctonia   on 307 

San  Jose  scale,  Spraying  for  con- 
trol of  ...  160,  204 

Santolina  chamaccyparissus  ....   333 
Scab,  Apple,  sec  Spraying  experi- 
ments 

Sclei'otium  Crocorum 283,  284 

Sedum  anglicum,  Rhizoctonia  on  334 
Setaria  glauca,  Rhizoctonia  on.  .  325 
Shrinkage,  see  Corn,  Oats,  and 

Wheat 

Sibley,  111.,  Variety  tests  of  corn.   417 
Sibley    experiment    field,    experi- 
ments on 470-71 

Sodium    nitrate,    sec    Nitrate    of 

soda 
Soil,  Chemical  analysis  of..  ..452-54 

increasing  fertility  of 483 

Normal  and  abnormal 4 

Organic  matter  of 395 

Preparation     for     early     vege- 
tables       29 

SOIL  BACTERIA  AND  PHOS- 
PHATES   391-406 

Soil  fertility,  Scientific  discover- 
ies relating  to 39"3 

SOIL  INVESTIGATIONS, 

SUMMARY    OF   ILLINOIS 

..449-84 


INDEX 


611 


PAGE 

Bibliography 484 

Experiment  fields 454—58 

Plan     of     field-culture     experi- 
ments   459-62 

Value ! 462 

Soil  map  of  Illinois 

between  pp.  466  and  467 

Soil  publications   of  Illinois  Ex- 
periment Station  .  . 462-63 

Soil  survey 451-52 

of  Rhizoctonia 372-75 

Soils  of  Illinois 463-67 

Fertility  invoice 465-67 

Residual 465 

Ridge  ... 465 

Sand 482-83 

Soil  areas 463-64 

Swamp 465,  481-83 

Terrace 465 

Upland  prairie 464,  468-79 

Upland  timber  .  .   .  .464-65,  479-81 
Solatium  melongena,   Rhizoctonia 

on 325 

tuberosum,  Rhizoctonia  on  284,  329 
Sooty  blotch,  see  Spraying  exper- 
iments 

Sorrel,  Rhizoctonia  on 334 

Spinach,  Nitrate  of  soda  for  34,  39,  44 
Spraying  experiments  in  apple  or- 
chards      49-212 

Applications 

Comparative  effectiveness  of 
spraying  before  and  after 

bloom 122-23 

Summer,  value  of  individual 

102-03 

Time  of 55-56,  201-02, 

204-05 

General  effectiveness  .  ...187-89 
Orchards 

Anna,  1912 139-55 

Centralia,  1910 126-29 

1911 130-38 

Flora,  1912 104-17 

Griggsville,  1909 118-25 

1911 156-71 

1912 172-86 

Neoga,  1910 58-71* 

1911 72-87 

1912 88-103 

Sprays 

Arsenate  of  lead 

Commercial,  comparative 

values  .  .  104-17,  118-21, 
197 

chemical   analyses .  .  .  66-67 
Mixed,  neutral,  and  acid 

with  Bordeaux   152,   198 

with  lime  sulfur .  .  .  150-52, 

198 

relative  values  of..    .    129 


PAGE 

Used  alone.  .100-02,  168,  198 
With  Bordeaux  .  .  67-71,  81, 
123-24 
With     copper     ferrocya- 

uide 152-55 

With  lime  sulfur.  .69-70,  81 

With  Paris  Green 118-20 

197 

Without  fungicide  .  .  .96-98 
Bordeaux 

Continual  coating  .  .  164-65 

Formula 54 

Light  and  heavy  sprays 

...130-38,  150,  163-64, 
203 

With  and  without  arsen- 
ical insecticides.  .123-24 
With  milk  of  lime. 64-65,  79, 
130-38 

Copper  f errocyanide . . . .  104-17 
Various  strengths  .  .  179-83 
With  and  without  arse- 

nate  of  lead 152-55 

Cucasa 85,  199 

Fungicides,  new 83-87,  199 

Insecticides,  new... 83-87,    199 
Lime  sulfur 

Comparative  value  of 
homemade,  commer- 
cial, and  self-boiled 

121-22,  128,  195-96 

Compared  with  Bordeaux 

.  ..61-64,   74-77,   92-94, 

104-17,   126-29,    130-38, 

145-48,    160-63,   175-79, 

189-92 

Dormant-tree    applica- 
tions 90-92,  130-38,  197 

Formula 54 

Fungicidal  value 100 

Interchanged    with    Bor- 
deaux ...  77,  94-96,  148, 
165-68,  178-79,  193 
Various  strengths  .  .   .79-81, 
98-100,  129,  148-50,  185, 
194 
With   and   without   arse- 

nate  of  lead 121-22 

183-85 

With  copper  sulfate.  .104-17, 

130-38,  170,  196 

With  lead  acetate. .  .104-117 

•     With  sludge  added .  . .  128-29 

Miscellaneous,     comparison 

of 124-25 

Paris  green  .  .  120-21,  123-24, 
197 

With  Sulfocide 86-87 

Sulfocide 86,  87,  199 

Recommendations  .  .  .204-05 


612 


VOLUME  13 


PAGE 
Steers,  Feeding  experiments 

Energy  consumption.  .  .580— 83,  601 
requirements  .  .  .  584 

Feed 567-69,  600 

Amount  consumed  569-84,  600-01 
Influence    of    amount    upon 

economy  of  gains  589-92,  603 
Influence  of   character   upon 

economy   of   gains.  .592—600, 
603 

Gains 584-88 

Plan  of  experiment 568,  600 

Rations 567-69,  603 

Weights 584-86 

STEERS,  STUDY  OF  THE 
RATE  AND  ECONOMY  OF 
GAINS  OF  FATTENING 

565-604 

Steers  used  in  feeding  experiment 

567,  600 

Stem  rot 283 

Sunshine,  Relation  to  production 

of  roses ,  .  526,  530 

Sweet  peas,  Rhizoctonia  on 334 

Sweet  potatoes,  Fertilizing  exper- 
iment  .267-78 

Conclusions 277-78 

Cost   of   fertilizer 274 

Elements   supplied  by  fertiliz- 
ers     274 

Grading  crop 270 

Plan   of  experiment 269-70 

Value  ef  crop 271,  273,  274 

Yields 270-71,  272,  273,  275-77 

SWEET     POTATOES,     METH- 
ODS OF  FERTILIZING. 267-78 
Sycamore,   111.,   Variety   tests   of 

corn 409-10 

Telanthera,  Rhizoctonia  on ......   310 

Thanatophytum    Crocorum 284 

Thelepliora  ETiizovtonia 285 

Tobacco,  Rhizoctonia  on 335 

Tomato,  Rhizoctonia  on.. 291,  335-3(5 
Trichosanthes     cucumernia,    Rhi- 
zoctonia on 308 


PAGE 

Trif-ilinm    pratense,    Rhizoetonia 

on 321 

Tuber  Croci 284 

IHintxiticum 283,  284 

Tuberodd.es 28:; 

Tttiijta 284 

Tumbler  for  feeding  grain  in  pas- 
ture (illus.) 448 

Turnips,  Nitrate  of  soda  for  32,  36,  42 

Urbana,     111.,     Tests    of     spring 

grains 503-07 

Variety,  tests  of  corn.  ..  ..411,  413, 
414-15,  416,  418 

Urbana  experiment  field .   468 

Experiments  on 472,  47.°>-7-"> 

VEGETABLES,  TESTS  WITH 
NITRATE  OF  SODA  IN 
THE  PRODUCTIOM  OF 
EARLY 27-46 

Vegetables  used~in  nitrate  of  soda 

tests ". 30 

Vienna,  experiment  field,  Soil  of.    481 

Vigna  cat  Jang,  Rhi^gefeonia  on..   308 

Viola  odorata,  RhizOcronia  on . .  .   336 
tricolor,  Rhizoctonia  on. 328 

Violet  root  felt  fungus 284 

Violets,    Rhizoctonia    on........   336 

Virginia  experiment  field,  Exper- 
iments on 468-09 

Wheat,  Price,  1904-13 17 

Shrinkage 24-26 

Michigan  station 24,  25 

Ohio  station 24 

Utah  station 25 

Wheat,  spring,  grown  at  DeKalb 

502-03 

'Fail-field 499,  507 

Urbana  ...    '.' 499,  506 

WHITE-GRUBS,  INFLUENCE 
OF  TREES  AND  CROPS 
ON  INJURY  BY ...  .259-65 

Wolff -Lehmann  feeding  standard.   575 

Yellow-leaf,  sec  Spraying  experi- 
ments   56,  143 

'Aca  mays,  Rhizoctonia  on 323 


I/ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


